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      • April 2021 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Capitalism, Slavery, and Reparations

      By: Sophus A. Reinert and Cary Williams
      The birth of “Modern Economic Growth” constituted a watershed in human history, allowing societies to escape the Malthusian impasse and permanently raise living standards. While the new growth regime had lifted billions of people out of extreme poverty over the last... View Details
      Keywords: Reparations; Living Standards; Poverty; Social Issues; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; Globalized Economies and Regions; Human Needs
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      Reinert, Sophus A., and Cary Williams. "Capitalism, Slavery, and Reparations." Harvard Business School Case 721-044, April 2021. (Revised December 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Science-Based Carbon Emissions Targets

      By: David Freiberg, Jody Grewal and George Serafeim
      We examine the effect of voluntarily adopting a standard for setting science-based carbon emissions targets on target difficulty and investments to achieve those targets. We find that firms with a track record of setting and achieving ambitious carbon targets are more... View Details
      Keywords: Target; Targeting; Target-setting; Target Efficiency; Management Control Systems; Management Accounting; Environment; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Sustainability; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
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      Freiberg, David, Jody Grewal, and George Serafeim. "Science-Based Carbon Emissions Targets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-108, March 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Software and Veiled Value Creation: Illustrations from Server Software Usage

      By: Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Ran Zhuo and Shane Greenstein
      How do you measure the value of a commodity that transacts at a price of zero from an economic standpoint? This study examines the potential for and extent of omission and misattribution in standard approaches to economic accounting with regards to open source... View Details
      Keywords: Server Software; Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Analytics and Data Science; Economics; Value Creation; Measurement and Metrics
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      Murciano-Goroff, Raviv, Ran Zhuo, and Shane Greenstein. "Hidden Software and Veiled Value Creation: Illustrations from Server Software Usage." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28738, April 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?

      By: Benjamin Enke, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman and Jeroen van de Ven
      Despite decades of research on heuristics and biases, empirical evidence on the effect of large incentives—as present in relevant economic decisions—on cognitive biases is scant. This paper tests the effect of incentives on four widely documented biases: base rate... View Details
      Keywords: Cognitive Biases; Incentives; Motivation and Incentives; Decision Making; Performance
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      Enke, Benjamin, Uri Gneezy, Brian Hall, David Martin, Vadim Nelidov, Theo Offerman, and Jeroen van de Ven. "Cognitive Biases: Mistakes or Missing Stakes?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-102, March 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China

      By: Meg Rithmire and Hao Chen
      A large literature on state-business relations in China has examined the political role of capitalists and collusion between the state and the private sector. This paper contributes to that literature, and our understanding of the internal differentiation among China’s... View Details
      Keywords: China's Political Economy; State-business Relations; Business Groups; Financial Systems; Economy; Government and Politics; Business and Government Relations; Finance; System; China
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      Rithmire, Meg, and Hao Chen. "The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-098, March 2021.
      • March 16, 2021
      • Article

      From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Commonsense Tests for Automated Vehicles

      By: Julian De Freitas, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony and Emilio Frazzoli
      For the first time in history, automated vehicles (AVs) are being deployed in populated environments. This unprecedented transformation of our everyday lives demands a significant undertaking: endowing complex autonomous systems with ethically acceptable behavior. We... View Details
      Keywords: Automated Driving; Public Health; Artificial Intelligence; Transportation; Health; Ethics; Policy; AI and Machine Learning
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      De Freitas, Julian, Andrea Censi, Bryant Walker Smith, Luigi Di Lillo, Sam E. Anthony, and Emilio Frazzoli. "From Driverless Dilemmas to More Practical Commonsense Tests for Automated Vehicles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 16, 2021).
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Population Interference in Panel Experiments

      By: Iavor I Bojinov, Kevin Wu Han and Guillaume Basse
      The phenomenon of population interference, where a treatment assigned to one experimental unit affects another experimental unit's outcome, has received considerable attention in standard randomized experiments. The complications produced by population interference in... View Details
      Keywords: Finite Population; Potential Outcomes; Dynamic Causal Effects; Mathematical Methods
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      Bojinov, Iavor I., Kevin Wu Han, and Guillaume Basse. "Population Interference in Panel Experiments." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-100, March 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?

      By: Andrew C. Baker, David F. Larcker and Charles C.Y. Wang
      Difference-in-differences analysis with staggered treatment timing is frequently used to assess the impact of policy changes on corporate outcomes in academic research. However, recent advances in econometric theory show that such designs are likely to be biased in the... View Details
      Keywords: Difference In Differences; Staggered Difference-in-differences Designs; Generalized Difference-in-differences; Dynamic Treatment Effects; Mathematical Methods
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      Baker, Andrew C., David F. Larcker, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?" European Corporate Governance Institute Finance Working Paper, No. 736/2021, February 2021. (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-112, April 2021.)
      • March 2021
      • Article

      Targeted Price Controls on Supermarket Products

      By: Alberto Cavallo and Diego Aparicio
      We study the impact of targeted price controls for supermarket products in Argentina from 2007 to 2015. Using web scraping, we collected daily prices for controlled and non-controlled goods and measured the differential effects on inflation, product availability, and... View Details
      Keywords: Prices; Controls; Price Dispersion; Economics; Price; Cost Management; Goods and Commodities; Retail Industry; Argentina
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      Cavallo, Alberto, and Diego Aparicio. "Targeted Price Controls on Supermarket Products." Review of Economics and Statistics 103, no. 1 (March 2021): 60–71.
      • February 2021
      • Case

      Digital Manufacturing at Amgen

      By: Shane Greenstein, Kyle R. Myers and Sarah Mehta
      This case discusses efforts made by biotechnology (biotech) company Amgen to introduce digital technologies into its manufacturing processes. Doing so is complicated by the fact that the process for manufacturing biologics—or therapeutics made from living cells—is... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Technologies; Change; Change Management; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Decisions; Information; Analytics and Data Science; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Jobs and Positions; Knowledge; Leadership; Organizational Culture; Science; Strategy; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States; California; Puerto Rico; Rhode Island
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      Greenstein, Shane, Kyle R. Myers, and Sarah Mehta. "Digital Manufacturing at Amgen." Harvard Business School Case 621-008, February 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Kidney Exchange: An Operations Perspective

      By: Itai Ashlagi and Alvin E. Roth
      Many patients in need of a kidney transplant have a willing but incompatible (or poorly matched) living donor. Kidney exchange programs arrange exchanges among such patient-donor pairs, in cycles and chains of exchange, so each patient receives a compatible kidney.... View Details
      Keywords: Kidney Exchange Programs; Health Disorders; Health Care and Treatment; Programs; Design
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      Ashlagi, Itai, and Alvin E. Roth. "Kidney Exchange: An Operations Perspective." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28500, February 2021.
      • Article

      Value of New Performance Information in Healthcare: Evidence from Japan

      By: Susanna Gallani, Takehisa Kajiwara and Ranjani Krishnan
      Mandatory measurement and disclosure of outcome measures are commonly used policy tools in healthcare. The effectiveness of such disclosures relies on the extent to which the new information produced by the mandatory system is internalized by the healthcare... View Details
      Keywords: Value Of Information; Feedback; Patient Satisfaction; Healthcare; Health Care and Treatment; Satisfaction; Information; Measurement and Metrics; Performance Improvement
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      Gallani, Susanna, Takehisa Kajiwara, and Ranjani Krishnan. "Value of New Performance Information in Healthcare: Evidence from Japan." International Journal of Health Economics and Management 20, no. 4 (December 2020): 319–357.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Designing, Not Checking, for Policy Robustness: An Example with Optimal Taxation

      By: Benjami Lockwood, Afras Y. Sial and Matthew C. Weinzierl
      Economists typically check the robustness of their results by comparing them across plausible ranges of parameter values and model structures. A preferable approach to robustness—for the purposes of policymaking and evaluation—is to design policy that takes these... View Details
      Keywords: Optimal Taxation; Robust Optimization; Taxation; Income; Policy; Design
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      Lockwood, Benjami, Afras Y. Sial, and Matthew C. Weinzierl. "Designing, Not Checking, for Policy Robustness: An Example with Optimal Taxation." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28098, November 2020.
      • November–December 2020
      • Article

      The Risks You Can't Foresee: What to Do When There's No Playbook

      By: Robert S. Kaplan, Herman B. Leonard and Anette Mikes
      No matter how good their risk management systems are, companies can’t plan for everything. Some risks are outside people’s realm of experience or so remote no one could have imagined them. Some result from a perfect storm of coinciding breakdowns, and some materialize... View Details
      Keywords: Novel Risks; Risk Management; Crisis Management
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      Kaplan, Robert S., Herman B. Leonard, and Anette Mikes. "The Risks You Can't Foresee: What to Do When There's No Playbook." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 6 (November–December 2020): 40–46.
      • October 2020 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Experimentation at Yelp

      By: Iavor Bojinov and Karim R. Lakhani
      Over the last decade, experimentation has become integral to the research and development processes of technology companies—including Yelp—for understanding customer preferences and mitigating innovation risks. The case describes Yelp's journey with experimentation,... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Relationship Management; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Risk Management; Advertising; Research and Development; Technology Industry
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      Bojinov, Iavor, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Experimentation at Yelp." Harvard Business School Case 621-064, October 2020. (Revised March 2024.)
      • October 2020
      • Article

      Collusion in Markets with Syndication

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers, Richard Lowery and Jordan M. Barry
      Markets for IPOs and debt issuances are syndicated, in the sense that a bidder who wins a contract may invite losing bidders to join a syndicate that together fulfills the contract. We show that in markets with syndication, standard intuitions from industrial... View Details
      Keywords: Collusion; Antitrust; IPO Underwriting; Syndication; "Repeated Games"; Markets; Game Theory
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, Richard Lowery, and Jordan M. Barry. "Collusion in Markets with Syndication." Journal of Political Economy 128, no. 10 (October 2020).
      • September 2020 (Revised October 2020)
      • Case

      Briscola—Pizza Society: Scaling Affordable Luxury

      By: Gary P. Pisano and Federica Gabrieli
      Riccardo Cortese and Federico Pinna were the CEOs of Briscola—Pizza Society, a restaurant chain they had founded in 2014 with a clear ambition: create a distinctive international pizza chain that would combine a fast-casual format with the devotion to quality that... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Growth and Development Strategy; Expansion; Geographic Location; Business Model; Ownership Type; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; Italy
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      Pisano, Gary P., and Federica Gabrieli. "Briscola—Pizza Society: Scaling Affordable Luxury." Harvard Business School Case 621-031, September 2020. (Revised October 2020.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 6 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Relationships

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Organizations are formed in a free economy because an individual or group perceives value in carrying out a technical recipe that is beyond the capacity of a single person. Technology specifies what must be done, what resources must be assembled, what actions taken in... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Information Technology; Organizations; Value Creation
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 6 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 1: Mapping Functional Relationships." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-039, September 2020.
      • August 2020
      • Article

      Does Spending Money on Others Promote Happiness? A Registered Replication Report

      By: Lara B. Aknin, Elizabeth W. Dunn, Jason Proulx, Iris Lok and Michael I. Norton
      Research indicates that spending money on others—prosocial spending—leads to greater happiness than spending money on oneself (e.g., Dunn, Aknin, & Norton, 2008, 2014). These findings have received widespread attention because they offer insight into why people engage... View Details
      Keywords: Prosocial Spending; Generosity; Well-being; Replication; Happiness; Behavior; Spending
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      Aknin, Lara B., Elizabeth W. Dunn, Jason Proulx, Iris Lok, and Michael I. Norton. "Does Spending Money on Others Promote Happiness? A Registered Replication Report." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 2 (August 2020).
      • Article

      Oracle Efficient Private Non-Convex Optimization

      By: Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, Giuseppe Vietri and Zhiwei Steven Wu
      One of the most effective algorithms for differentially private learning and optimization is objective perturbation. This technique augments a given optimization problem (e.g. deriving from an ERM problem) with a random linear term, and then exactly solves it.... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Algorithms; Objective Perturbation; Mathematical Methods
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      Neel, Seth, Aaron Leon Roth, Giuseppe Vietri, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "Oracle Efficient Private Non-Convex Optimization." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 37th (2020).
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