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    • All HBS Web  (1,538)
      • Faculty Publications  (269)

      FormalizationRemove Formalization →

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      • August 2014
      • Case

      Three Jays Corporation

      By: Paul Marshall and Mark Davis
      Brodie Arens is an MBA student and summer intern at Three Jays Corporation, a jam and jelly manufacturer in Michigan. Brodie's first assignment as an intern is to update the inventory and production planning system. Initially, he begins by updating the Economic Order... View Details
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      Marshall, Paul, and Mark Davis. "Three Jays Corporation." Harvard Business School Brief Case 915-531, August 2014.
      • August 15, 2014
      • Article

      Can an Outside CEO Run a Family-Owned Business?

      By: Josh Baron and Rob Lachenauer
      This article explores the intricate dynamics that often characterize family-owned businesses, shedding light on key archetypes that play prominent roles within these organizations. Using a narrative approach, the article illustrates the challenges faced by leaders... View Details
      Keywords: Family Ownership; Personal Characteristics; Family and Family Relationships; Management Practices and Processes
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      Baron, Josh, and Rob Lachenauer. "Can an Outside CEO Run a Family-Owned Business?" Harvard Business Review (website) (August 15, 2014).
      • June 2014
      • Article

      The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconformity

      By: Silvia Bellezza, Francesca Gino and Anat Keinan
      We examine how people react to nonconforming behaviors, such as entering a luxury boutique wearing gym clothes rather than an elegant outfit or wearing red sneakers in a professional setting. Nonconforming behaviors, as costly and visible signals, can act as a... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Consumer Behavior
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      Bellezza, Silvia, Francesca Gino, and Anat Keinan. "The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconformity." Journal of Consumer Research 41, no. 1 (June 2014): 35–54. (Finalist, 2017 Best Article Award for a paper published in JCR in 2014.))
      • April 2014
      • Supplement

      Ingrid Johnson: Reflections on Leading Change

      By: Michael Tushman
      This case discusses the issue of leading change at the business banking division of Nedbank, a prominent South African bank, between 2005 and 2009. (This timeframe, beginning just 11 years after Apartheid's end, covers Ingrid Johnson's leadership of this division... View Details
      Keywords: Leading Change; Restructuring; Personal Development and Career; Commercial Banking; Banking Industry; South Africa
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      Tushman, Michael. "Ingrid Johnson: Reflections on Leading Change." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 414-709, April 2014.
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Better Deals Through Level II Strategies: Advance Your Interests by Helping to Solve Their Internal Problems

      By: James K. Sebenius
      Many negotiators have constituencies that must formally or informally approve an agreement. Traditionally, it is the responsibility of each negotiator to manage the internal conflicts and constituencies on his or her own side. Far less familiar are the many valuable... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Negotiation Tactics; Negotiation Participants; Negotiation Style
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      Sebenius, James K. "Better Deals Through Level II Strategies: Advance Your Interests by Helping to Solve Their Internal Problems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-091, March 2014.
      • January 2014 (Revised November 2021)
      • Case

      Filene's Basement: Inside a Fired Customer's Relationship

      By: Jill Avery and Susan Fournier
      How, in a business climate in which building relationships with customers has dominated both managerial thought and marketing budgets, could Filene's Basement have fired a loyal customer, one who was formally and informally recognized as a best customer? This case... View Details
      Keywords: CRM; Retailing; Marketing; Consumer Behavior; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Satisfaction; Marketing Strategy; Brands and Branding; Retail Industry; United States
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      Avery, Jill, and Susan Fournier. "Filene's Basement: Inside a Fired Customer's Relationship." Harvard Business School Case 314-076, January 2014. (Revised November 2021.)
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Joachim Henkel
      Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state-sanctioned intellectual property (IP) rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect IP. We investigate the impact... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Value Appropriation; Relational Contracts; Clans; Rights; Complexity; Intellectual Property
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Joachim Henkel. "Modularity and Intellectual Property Protection." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-046, December 2013. (Revised June 2014.)
      • September–October 2013
      • Article

      Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization

      By: Adam M. Kleinbaum, Toby E. Stuart and Michael Tushman
      Homophily in social relations results from both individual preferences and selective opportunities for interaction, but how these two mechanisms interact in large, contemporary organizations is not well understood. We argue that organizational structures and geography... View Details
      Keywords: Familiarity; Interpersonal Communication; Information Technology; Organizational Structure; Social and Collaborative Networks; Gender; Information Technology Industry
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      Kleinbaum, Adam M., Toby E. Stuart, and Michael Tushman. "Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization." Organization Science 24, no. 5 (September–October 2013): 1316–1336.
      • July 9, 2013
      • Article

      Why Fights Erupt in Family Businesses

      By: Josh Baron and Rob Lachenauer
      Lack of boundaries and formal structure create potential for nasty (and lasting) disagreements. View Details
      Keywords: Family Business; Conflict and Resolution; Organizational Structure
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      Baron, Josh, and Rob Lachenauer. "Why Fights Erupt in Family Businesses." Harvard Business Review (website) (July 9, 2013).
      • July–August 2013
      • Article

      The Network Secrets of Great Change Agents

      By: Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro
      Change is hard, especially in a large organization. Yet some leaders succeed—often spectacularly—at transforming their workplaces. What makes them able to exert this sort of influence when the vast majority can't? The authors tracked 68 change initiatives in the UK's... View Details
      Keywords: Networks; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leading Change; Health Industry
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      Battilana, Julie, and Tiziana Casciaro. "The Network Secrets of Great Change Agents." Harvard Business Review 91, nos. 7/8 (July–August 2013): 62–68.
      • June 2013
      • Case

      The World Economic Forum's Global Leadership Fellows Program

      By: Rakesh Khurana and Eric Baldwin
      This case examines a distinctive leadership development program within the World Economic Forum. The program, born out of the conviction that the complexity of global challenges at the beginning of the 21st century required a new generation of global leaders, recruited... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Behavior; Leadership Skills; Training; Global Organizations; Global Leadership; World Economic Forum; Globalization; Leadership; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Leading Change
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      Khurana, Rakesh, and Eric Baldwin. "The World Economic Forum's Global Leadership Fellows Program." Harvard Business School Case 413-118, June 2013.
      • April 2013
      • Article

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model Innovation; Imitation; Sponsor-based Business Model; Strategic Revelation; Strategic Concealment; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Price; Competitive Strategy; Adoption; Value; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Product; Customers; Market Entry and Exit; Monopoly
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
      • Article

      Intermediary Functions and the Market for Innovation in Meiji and Taisho Japan

      By: Tom Nicholas and Hiroshi Shimizu
      Japan experienced a transformational phase of technological development during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We argue that an important, but so far neglected, factor was a developing market for innovation and a patent attorney system that was... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Patents; Innovation and Invention; Japan
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      Nicholas, Tom, and Hiroshi Shimizu. "Intermediary Functions and the Market for Innovation in Meiji and Taisho Japan." Business History Review 87, no. 1 (Spring 2013): 121–150.
      • April 2013 (Revised October 2013)
      • Case

      National Instruments

      By: Lynda M. Applegate, Keri Pearlson and Natalie Kindred
      This case explores the use of social media to support product design, customer support, marketing and HR activities at National Instruments (NI). Based in Austin, Texas, with over $1 billion in 2011 sales, NI designs, produces, and sells software and hardware platforms... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Applications and Software; Organizational Culture; Technological Innovation; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Management; Media; Management Systems; Social and Collaborative Networks; Information Technology Industry; Service Industry; Texas
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      Applegate, Lynda M., Keri Pearlson, and Natalie Kindred. "National Instruments." Harvard Business School Case 813-001, April 2013. (Revised October 2013.)
      • February 2013 (Revised March 2013)
      • Case

      Agero: Enhancing Capabilities for Customers

      By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred

      This case illustrates the importance of choosing a primary customer as the basis for organization design. Cross Country Group managers adjusted resource allocation, organization design and performance measures over time to transform Cross Country Group from an... View Details

      Keywords: Entrepreneurial Management; Entrepreneurial Gap; Entrepreneurship; Auto Industry; Insurance; Performance Management; Performance Measurement; Performance Measures; Performance Pressure; Decisions; Family Business; Resource Allocation; Organizational Design; Customer Focus and Relationships; Performance Evaluation; Growth and Development Strategy; Service Industry
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      Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Agero: Enhancing Capabilities for Customers." Harvard Business School Case 113-001, February 2013. (Revised March 2013.)
      • Aug 2013
      • Conference Presentation

      Brokerage Spaces: How Informal Networks Transform Formal Structure In The Pursuit Of Complex Tasks

      By: Ranjay Gulati and Luciana Silvestri
      Keywords: Ambiguity; Cognition; Collaboration; Networks; Organizational Design; Cognition and Thinking
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      Gulati, Ranjay, and Luciana Silvestri. "Brokerage Spaces: How Informal Networks Transform Formal Structure In The Pursuit Of Complex Tasks." Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Lake Buena Vista (Orlando), FL, August 2013.
      • 2013
      • Conference Presentation

      Brokerage Spaces: How Informal Networks Transform Formal Structure In The Pursuit Of Complex Tasks

      By: Ranjay Gulati and Luciana Silvestri
      Keywords: Cognition; Collaboration; Networks; Organizational Structure; Cognition and Thinking
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      Gulati, Ranjay, and Luciana Silvestri. "Brokerage Spaces: How Informal Networks Transform Formal Structure In The Pursuit Of Complex Tasks." Paper presented at the Strategic Management Society Annual International Conference, Atlanta, GA, 2013.
      • Article

      On Derivatives Markets and Social Welfare: A Theory of Empty Voting and Hidden Ownership

      By: Jordan M. Barry, John William Hatfield and Scott Duke Kominers
      In the past twenty-five years, derivatives markets have grown exponentially. Large, modern derivatives markets increasingly enable investors to hold economic interests in corporations without owning voting rights, and vice versa. This leads to both empty... View Details
      Keywords: Voting; Corporate Disclosure; Financial Markets; Ownership
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      Barry, Jordan M., John William Hatfield, and Scott Duke Kominers. "On Derivatives Markets and Social Welfare: A Theory of Empty Voting and Hidden Ownership." Virginia Law Review 99, no. 6 (October 2013): 1103–1168.
      • 2012
      • Chapter

      When Identities, Interests, and Information Collide: How Subgroups Create Hidden Profiles in Teams

      By: Jeffrey T. Polzer, Lisa Kwan and Lisa B. Kwan

      Purpose—We review how team members' identities and interests affect team functioning, paying special attention to subgroup dynamics triggered by fault lines and coalitions. This review sets the stage for describing novel pathways through which identities and... View Details

      Keywords: Information; Conflict of Interests; Interests; Groups and Teams; Identity; Performance
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      Polzer, Jeffrey T., Lisa Kwan, and Lisa B. Kwan. "When Identities, Interests, and Information Collide: How Subgroups Create Hidden Profiles in Teams." In Looking Back, Moving Forward: A Review of Group and Team-Based Research. v.15, edited by Margaret A. Neale and Elizabeth A. Mannix, 359–381. Research on Managing Groups and Teams. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2012.
      • July 2012 (Revised August 2012)
      • Case

      Global Knowledge Management at Danone (A) (Abridged)

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and David Lane
      This case explores French consumer goods company Danone's novel approach to knowledge management. In 2007, Human Resource Chief (Executive Vice President) Franck Mougin assesses the company's knowledge-sharing tools and considers his options going forward. Through... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Employee Relationship Management; Knowledge Management; Knowledge Sharing; Social and Collaborative Networks; Expansion; Consumer Products Industry; France
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and David Lane. "Global Knowledge Management at Danone (A) (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 613-003, July 2012. (Revised August 2012.)
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