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- All HBS Web
(519)
- News (86)
- Research (366)
- Events (3)
- Multimedia (4)
- Faculty Publications (258)
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- March 1995
- Background Note
Gender Differences in Managerial Behavior: The Ongoing Debate
Do men and women have distinct leadership styles? Do they approach management differently? This note summarizes the two perspectives that have dominated the ongoing debate on gender differences in organizational leadership and management behavior. Psychological... View Details
Ibarra, Herminia M., and Kristin Daly. "Gender Differences in Managerial Behavior: The Ongoing Debate." Harvard Business School Background Note 495-038, March 1995.
- August 2013 (Revised November 2013)
- Case
Ford vs. GM: The Evolution of Mass Production (A)
By: Willy Shih
This case explores the very different paths taken by the Ford Motor Company and the General Motors Corporation in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Henry Ford's Model T was a car for the masses. After considerable experimentation, Ford Motor... View Details
Keywords: Innovation; Exploration; Dominant Design; Business Growth and Maturation; Business History; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Leading Change; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Positioning; Product Design; Product Development; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Vertical Integration; Auto Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Michigan
Shih, Willy. "Ford vs. GM: The Evolution of Mass Production (A)." Harvard Business School Case 614-010, August 2013. (Revised November 2013.)
- February 2009 (Revised June 2011)
- Background Note
A Note on the Legal and Tax Implications of Founders' Equity Splits
By: Noam T. Wasserman and Lauren Barley
This note summarizes key legal and tax issues that founders should consider as they contemplate an equity split and ownership structure. Specific issues covered include why founders should not delay splitting the equity and whether they should involve an attorney or... View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Equity; Taxation; Intellectual Property; Law; Ownership; Partners and Partnerships
Wasserman, Noam T., and Lauren Barley. "A Note on the Legal and Tax Implications of Founders' Equity Splits." Harvard Business School Background Note 809-110, February 2009. (Revised June 2011.)
- September 2001
- Background Note
Accounting for Computer Software Development Costs
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Tatiana Sandino
Summarizes the debate on accounting for computer software development costs. Provides a historical description of the development of standards on accounting of computer software development costs, both in the United States and internationally. Describes how, after much... View Details
Kaplan, Robert S., and Tatiana Sandino. "Accounting for Computer Software Development Costs." Harvard Business School Background Note 102-034, September 2001.
- Article
How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?
By: Andrew C. Baker, David F. Larcker and Charles C.Y. Wang
We explain when and how staggered difference-in-differences regression estimators, commonly applied to assess the impact of policy changes, are biased. These biases are likely to be relevant for a large portion of research settings in finance, accounting, and law that... View Details
Keywords: Difference In Differences; Staggered Difference-in-differences Designs; Generalized Difference-in-differences; Dynamic Treatment Effects; Mathematical Methods
Baker, Andrew C., David F. Larcker, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "How Much Should We Trust Staggered Difference-In-Differences Estimates?" Journal of Financial Economics 144, no. 2 (May 2022): 370–395. (Editor's Choice, May 2022; Jensen Prize, First Place, June 2023.)
- Article
Beyond Statistics: The Economic Content of Risk Scores
By: Liran Einav, Amy Finkelstein, Raymond Kluender and Paul Schrimpf
"Big data" and statistical techniques to score potential transactions have transformed insurance and credit markets. In this paper, we observe that these widely-used statistical scores summarize a much richer heterogeneity, and may be endogenous to the context in which... View Details
Einav, Liran, Amy Finkelstein, Raymond Kluender, and Paul Schrimpf. "Beyond Statistics: The Economic Content of Risk Scores." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8, no. 2 (April 2016): 195–224.
- September 2015 (Revised January 2023)
- Background Note
Ethical Analysis: Situation versus Character
When we think of human behavior, especially from a moral perspective, we often rely on explanations based on character. We think that good decisions and responsible behavior require people with integrity and strong character and that immoral behavior originates within... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Ethics; Behavior; Personal Characteristics; Power and Influence; Situation or Environment; Values and Beliefs; Social Psychology
Nohria, Nitin, Sandra J. Sucher, Joseph Badaracco, Edward H. Chang, and Bridget Gurtler. "Ethical Analysis: Situation versus Character." Harvard Business School Background Note 316-078, September 2015. (Revised January 2023.)
- October 2012 (Revised February 2014)
- Teaching Note
Logoplaste: Global Growing Challenges (TN)
By: Juan Alcacer
The case follows Logoplaste in its transformation from a small player in the plastic container industry in Portugal to a mid-sized global firm with operations in 11 countries. The case summarizes Logoplaste's history, with an emphasis on the milestones of its global... View Details
- 2025
- Chapter
Culture and Contemporary Political Preferences
By: Vasiliki Fouka and Marco Tabellini
This chapter reviews the literature on the relationship between culture and political preferences. We distinguish conceptually between the direct cultural transmission of political ideology and the transmission of more primitive preferences and beliefs that influence... View Details
Keywords: Political Preferences; Culture; Values and Beliefs; Identity; Perspective; Government and Politics
Fouka, Vasiliki, and Marco Tabellini. "Culture and Contemporary Political Preferences." Chap. 29 in Handbook of Culture and Economic Behavior, by Benjamin Enke, Paola Giuliano, Nathan Nunn, and Leonardo Wantchekon. Handbooks in Economics. Elsevier, forthcoming.
- March 2018
- Supplement
The Rise and Rise (?) of Walmart (B): Kmart Declares Bankruptcy
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
This case follows up on the competition between Kmart and Walmart as discussed in the A case. It summarizes the companies' positions in the early 2000s, and discusses events between 1990 and Kmart's declaration of bankruptcy in 2002. Walmart grew significantly,... View Details
Keywords: Bankruptcy; Walmart; Kmart; Controversy; Strategy; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Competition; Public Opinion; Retail Industry; United States
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Karen Elterman. "The Rise and Rise (?) of Walmart (B): Kmart Declares Bankruptcy." Harvard Business School Supplement 718-510, March 2018.
- May 2013
- Case
Education in Brazil: Waiting for a Revolution
By: Aldo Musacchio and Alejandra Meraz Velasco
This case describes the situation of the education system in Brazil circa 2012. The case discusses first some of the problems of the Brazilian education system. Then, the case summarizes the findings of a recent study of high performing schools in Brazil and outlines... View Details
- 2009
- Report
Clusters and Dubai's Competitiveness
By: Christian H.M. Ketels
The Dubai Cluster Competitiveness Report presents a consistent analysis of the four clusters that currently dominate the Dubai economy: construction, financial services, tourism, and transportation and logistics. Each of the four cluster chapter provides a profile of... View Details
Keywords: Economy; Industry Clusters; Performance Evaluation; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Construction Industry; Financial Services Industry; Tourism Industry; Transportation Industry; Dubai
Ketels, Christian H.M. "Clusters and Dubai's Competitiveness." Report, Dubai Economic Council, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, October 2009.
- May 2006 (Revised October 2007)
- Case
EU Verdict Against Microsoft
By: David B. Yoffie and Michael Slind
In 2004, following an investigation that began in 1998, the European Commission (EC) issued an antitrust judgment against Microsoft Corp., levying a record fine of 497 million euros ($613 million) and mandating changes of commercial behavior and bundling of Windows... View Details
Keywords: Judgments; Governance Compliance; Lawsuits and Litigation; Monopoly; Business and Government Relations; Competitive Strategy; Software; European Union; United States
Yoffie, David B., and Michael Slind. "EU Verdict Against Microsoft." Harvard Business School Case 706-503, May 2006. (Revised October 2007.)
- November 2003 (Revised December 2003)
- Background Note
Note on School Choice in U.S. Public Education
This note surveys school choice in the United States. School choice characterizes the school assignment of approximately 56% of U.S. school-aged children and, in order of popularity, can be categorized into seven types: residential choice, private schools, intra- and... View Details
Leschly, Stig. "Note on School Choice in U.S. Public Education." Harvard Business School Background Note 804-091, November 2003. (Revised December 2003.)
- October 10, 2024
- Article
Characteristics of Creative Individuals: An Umbrella Review Protocol
By: Alex Thabane, Tyler McKechnie, Phillip Staibano, Goran Calic, Colin Kruse, Jason W. Busse, Samee Parpia and Mohit Bhandari
The properties of creative products–novelty and usefulness–are generally agreed upon by researchers. Yet, consensus is lacking on which personal and environmental factors contribute to an individual’s creative potential, or to what extent. substantial research work has... View Details
Thabane, Alex, Tyler McKechnie, Phillip Staibano, Goran Calic, Colin Kruse, Jason W. Busse, Samee Parpia, and Mohit Bhandari. "Characteristics of Creative Individuals: An Umbrella Review Protocol." PLoS ONE 19, no. 10 (October 10, 2024).
- 2009
- Chapter
Securing Online Advertising: Rustlers and Sheriffs in the New Wild West
By: Benjamin Edelman
Read the news of recent computer security guffaws, and it's striking how many problems stem from online advertising. Advertising is the bedrock of web sites that are provided without charge to end users, so advertising is everywhere. But advertising security gaps... View Details
Edelman, Benjamin. "Securing Online Advertising: Rustlers and Sheriffs in the New Wild West." In Beautiful Security, edited by Andy Oram and John Viega. O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2009. (Korean translation.)
- 26 Nov 2008
- Working Paper Summaries
The Sciences of Design: Observations on an Emerging Field
- Article
Leadership Tips for Today to Stay in the Game Tomorrow: The Ambidextrous Leader
By: Michael Tushman
This article summarizes research by the author into why some organizations fail in the face of "punctuated change," while others are reborn, adapt and survive. The key, he finds, involves embracing paradox. Continuing to exploit current business success is a must, but... View Details
Tushman, Michael. "Leadership Tips for Today to Stay in the Game Tomorrow: The Ambidextrous Leader." IESE Insight, no. 23 (Fourth Quarter 2014): 31–38.
- August 2020
- Background Note
US Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (A)
By: Lynn S. Paine and Holly Fetter
This Note has two parts. The first part (A) explores how U.S. private equity firms are incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) factors and impact objectives into their investment strategies and firm practices. It is based on publicly available... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Financial Services Industry; United States
Paine, Lynn S., and Holly Fetter. "U.S. Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (A)." Harvard Business School Background Note 321-036, August 2020.
- August 2020
- Background Note
US Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (B)
By: Lynn S. Paine and Holly Fetter
This is the second part of a two-part note. The first part (A) explores how US private equity firms are incorporating ESG (Environmental, Social, & Governance) factors and impact objectives into their investment strategies and firm practices. It is based on publicly... View Details
Keywords: Private Equity; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Financial Services Industry; United States
Paine, Lynn S., and Holly Fetter. "U.S. Private Equity Firms: ESG and Impact (B)." Harvard Business School Background Note 321-037, August 2020.