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      • Faculty Publications  (1,466)

      Measurement and MetricsRemove Measurement and Metrics →

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      • 2023
      • Article

      M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai and Haoyi Xiong
      While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been widely studied to explain predictions made by deep neural networks, the way to evaluate the faithfulness of explanation results remains challenging, due to the heterogeneity of explanations for... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai, and Haoyi Xiong. "M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
      • 2023
      • Article

      MoPe: Model Perturbation-based Privacy Attacks on Language Models

      By: Marvin Li, Jason Wang, Jeffrey Wang and Seth Neel
      Recent work has shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can unintentionally leak sensitive information present in their training data. In this paper, we present Model Perturbations (MoPe), a new method to identify with high confidence if a given text is in the training... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Cybersecurity
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      Li, Marvin, Jason Wang, Jeffrey Wang, and Seth Neel. "MoPe: Model Perturbation-based Privacy Attacks on Language Models." Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2023): 13647–13660.
      • 2023
      • Other Article

      The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications

      By: Mirac Suzgun, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers and Stuart Shieber
      Innovation is a major driver of economic and social development, and information about many kinds of innovation is embedded in semi-structured data from patents and patent applications. Though the impact and novelty of innovations expressed in patent data are difficult... View Details
      Keywords: USPTO; Natural Language Processing; Classification; Summarization; Patent Novelty; Patent Trolls; Patent Enforceability; Patents; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science
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      Suzgun, Mirac, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers, and Stuart Shieber. "The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Unionization on Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality: Evidence from Starbucks

      By: Isamar Troncoso, Minkyung Kim, Ishita Chakraborty and SooHyun Kim
      The US has seen a rise in union movements, but their effects on service industry marketing outcomes like customer satisfaction and perceptions of service quality remain understudied. In this paper, we empirically study the impact on customer satisfaction and... View Details
      Keywords: Labor Unions; Customer Satisfaction; Perception; Public Opinion; Employees; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Troncoso, Isamar, Minkyung Kim, Ishita Chakraborty, and SooHyun Kim. "The Impact of Unionization on Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality: Evidence from Starbucks." Working Paper, 2023.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      What Can Stockouts Tell Us About Inflation? Evidence from Online Micro Data

      By: Alberto Cavallo and Oleksiy Kryvtsov
      We use a detailed micro dataset on product availability and stockouts to construct a direct high-frequency measure of consumer product shortages during the 2020-2022 pandemic. We document a widespread multi-fold rise in stockouts in nearly all sectors early in the... View Details
      Keywords: Prices; Stockouts; Inventories; Supply Disruptions; COVID-19 Pandemic; Supply Chain; Product; Demand and Consumers
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      Cavallo, Alberto, and Oleksiy Kryvtsov. "What Can Stockouts Tell Us About Inflation? Evidence from Online Micro Data." Journal of International Economics 146 (December 2023).
      • December 2023
      • Article

      When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments

      By: Christian Kaps, Simone Marinesi and Serguei Netessine
      Globally, 1.5 billion people live off the grid, their only access to electricity often limited to operationally-expensive fossil fuel generators. Solar power has risen as a sustainable and less costly option, but its generation is variable during the day and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Renewable Energy
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      Kaps, Christian, Simone Marinesi, and Serguei Netessine. "When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments." Management Science 69, no. 12 (December 2023): 7633–7650.
      • November 2023 (Revised August 2024)
      • Background Note

      Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview

      By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach to quantifying the environmental impacts—including resources consumed and wastes produced—associated with the entire life cycle of a product, from the production or extraction of the raw materials used in its creation,... View Details
      Keywords: Life-cycle; Environmental Performance; Design; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Measurement and Metrics; Standards; Accounting; Environmental Accounting
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      Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-052, November 2023. (Revised August 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised February 2025)
      • Background Note

      Corporate Climate Targets

      By: Willy C. Shih, Michael W. Toffel and Kelsey Carter
      Companies that are addressing climate change by mitigating their greenhouse gas emissions often set reduction targets. This note describes several types of widely used carbon reduction targets, including carbon neutral, science based, net zero, real zero, and carbon... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Sustainability; Environmental Strategy; Climate Risk; Target-setting; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Accountability; Policy; Measurement and Metrics; Strategic Planning; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Shih, Willy C., Michael W. Toffel, and Kelsey Carter. "Corporate Climate Targets." Harvard Business School Background Note 624-041, November 2023. (Revised February 2025.)
      • November 2023 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Kickstarter: Crowdfunding for the Arts

      By: Rohit Deshpandé and Alexis Lefort
      Kickstarter was a virtual crowdfunding platform and community that allowed creators of all kinds to raise funding for creative projects. The executive team was wrestling with a tension in its business model: the organization earned the majority of its revenue from... View Details
      Keywords: Fundraising; Mission; Crowdfunding; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Arts; Web Services Industry; United States
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      Deshpandé, Rohit, and Alexis Lefort. "Kickstarter: Crowdfunding for the Arts." Harvard Business School Case 524-016, November 2023. (Revised May 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      Bridgit: Persevere or Pivot?

      By: Reza Satchu and Patrick Sanguineti
      In late 2012, Mallorie Brodie and Lauren Lake, two young women in their final year of college, founded Bridgit, a technology startup that developed solutions to simplify vital but laborious processes within the construction industry. In the Fall of 2013, after months... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneur; Founder; Co-founders; Women Executives; Pivot; Startup; Business Model; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Applications and Software; Product Launch; Research and Development; Competition; Construction Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Canada
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      Satchu, Reza, and Patrick Sanguineti. "Bridgit: Persevere or Pivot?" Harvard Business School Case 824-118, November 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Do Active Funds Do Better in What They Trade?

      By: Marco Sammon and John J. Shim
      We develop two new, simple measures to quantify active fund decisions at the individual position level. The intuition is to separate passive rebalancing induced by flows and position changes from active rebalancing decisions. We find that additive active rebalancing --... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Funds; Financial Management
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      Sammon, Marco, and John J. Shim. "Do Active Funds Do Better in What They Trade?" Working Paper, November 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Flow-Driven ESG Returns

      By: Philippe van der Beck
      I show that the recent returns to ESG investing are strongly driven by price impact from flows towards ESG funds. Using data on institutional trades, I estimate the market’s ability to accommodate the demand of ESG funds, which is given by the elasticity of... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Funds; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Markets; Investment Return
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      van der Beck, Philippe. "Flow-Driven ESG Returns." Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series, No. 21-71, November 2023.
      • November–December 2023
      • Article

      Iterative Coordination and Innovation: Prioritizing Value over Novelty

      By: Sourobh Ghosh and Andy Wu
      An innovating organization faces the challenge of how to prioritize distinct goals of novelty and value, both of which underlie innovation. Popular practitioner frameworks like Agile management suggest that organizations can adopt an iterative approach of frequent... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Novelty; Goals; Specialization; Coordination; Field Experiment; Software Development; Agile; Scrum; Iteration; Iterative; Organizations; Innovation and Invention; Value; Goals and Objectives; Integration; Applications and Software
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      Ghosh, Sourobh, and Andy Wu. "Iterative Coordination and Innovation: Prioritizing Value over Novelty." Organization Science 34, no. 6 (November–December 2023): 2182–2206.
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Open Source Software and Global Entrepreneurship

      By: Nataliya Langburd Wright, Frank Nagle and Shane Greenstein
      This is the first study to consider the relationship between open source software (OSS) and entrepreneurship around the globe. This study measures whether country-level participation on the GitHub OSS platform affects the founding of innovative ventures, and where it... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Applications and Software; Business Ventures; Development Economics; Innovation and Invention; Global Range
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      Wright, Nataliya Langburd, Frank Nagle, and Shane Greenstein. "Open Source Software and Global Entrepreneurship." Art. 104846. Research Policy 52, no. 9 (November 2023).
      • 2023
      • White Paper

      The 2023 American Opportunity Index: Measuring Who Moves Ahead

      By: Matthew Sigelman, Joseph B. Fuller, Nik Dawson, Alex Martin and Gad Levanon
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Personal Development and Career; Employment; Compensation and Benefits; United States
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      Sigelman, Matthew, Joseph B. Fuller, Nik Dawson, Alex Martin, and Gad Levanon. "The 2023 American Opportunity Index: Measuring Who Moves Ahead." White Paper, Burning Glass Institute, November 2023. (A joint project with Harvard Business School Project on Managing the Future of Work and Schultz Family Foundation.)
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Prime Coalition: Estimating Climate Impact

      By: Natalia Rigol, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad and Amram Migdal
      A case on CRANE, a tool to help investors and green technology companies estimate the future climate impact of new technologies and products, called emissions reduction potential (ERP). The case includes material on CRANE’s methodology for estimating future carbon... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Environmental Accounting; Analysis; Climate Change; Green Technology; Innovation and Invention; Measurement and Metrics; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Risk and Uncertainty; Nonprofit Organizations; Social Enterprise
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      Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad, and Amram Migdal. "Prime Coalition: Estimating Climate Impact." Harvard Business School Case 824-119, October 2023.
      • October 31, 2023
      • Article

      Research: Can a More Detailed LinkedIn Profile Boost Your Salary?

      By: Boris Groysberg and Eric Lin
      Our digital presence impacts how others perceive us. A simple résumé and a list of references no longer captures the essence of our professional capabilities. In this article, the authors explain how the intentional management of our online personas can have a positive... View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Job Search; Social Media
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Eric Lin. "Research: Can a More Detailed LinkedIn Profile Boost Your Salary?" Harvard Business Review (website) (October 31, 2023).
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: A Curriculum Provider Puts Itself on the Hook for Student Outcomes

      By: John J-H Kim, Derek C. M. van Bever, Michael Norris and Max Hancock
      Jack Lynch, CEO of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) since 2017, was leading the company’s transformation from a legacy textbook publisher to a digital-first student outcomes provider, which earned subscription revenue from digital products and curriculum. In 2023, HMH... View Details
      Keywords: Edtech; Textbook; Publishing; Leading Change; Change Management; Transformation; Digital Transformation; Expansion; Business Strategy; Publishing Industry; Education Industry; United States
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      Kim, John J-H, Derek C. M. van Bever, Michael Norris, and Max Hancock. "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: A Curriculum Provider Puts Itself on the Hook for Student Outcomes." Harvard Business School Case 324-011, October 2023.
      • October 2023 (Revised November 2023)
      • Case

      Rheaply: Circularity For Every Business

      By: Rembrand Koning and Alicia Dadlani
      In March 2023, Garry Cooper, cofounder and CEO of Chicago-based Rheaply, needed to demonstrate that Rheaply’s expanded vision could translate into building cash flows and metrics needed to raise a Series B and turn the business into a model for financial and... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Social Entrepreneurship; Technological Innovation; Environmental Sustainability; Entrepreneurial Finance; Technology Industry; Green Technology Industry; United States; Illinois; Chicago
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      Koning, Rembrand, and Alicia Dadlani. "Rheaply: Circularity For Every Business." Harvard Business School Case 724-351, October 2023. (Revised November 2023.)
      • October 10, 2023
      • Article

      10 Reasons Why Inclusion Is a Competitive Advantage

      By: Frances X. Frei and Anne Morriss
      In their new book, Move Fast and Fix Things, Frances Frei and Anne Morriss outline five strategies to help leaders tackle their hardest problems and quickly make change. Their third strategy is creating an inclusive environment that allows all employees to... View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance Improvement
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      Frei, Frances X., and Anne Morriss. "10 Reasons Why Inclusion Is a Competitive Advantage." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 10, 2023).
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