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  • July 2025
  • Case

Microsoft’s Performance Across Three CEOs

By: George Serafeim
This case traces Microsoft’s evolution from its founding through 2024. Students analyze how changes in operating segments both reflected and shaped Microsoft’s strategy, culture, and financial communication. The case provides rich quantitative exhibits (segment... View Details
Keywords: Financial Accounting; Financial Statement Analysis; Disclosure; Disclosure Strategy; Disclosure Tone; Organizational Transformations; Transformation; AI; Digital; Organizational Change; Accounting; Financial Statements; Strategy; Organizational Structure; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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Serafeim, George. "Microsoft’s Performance Across Three CEOs." Harvard Business School Case 125-112, July 2025.
  • February 2004 (Revised November 2012)
  • Exercise

Capital Investment Analysis

By: Dwight B. Crane and Josh Lerner
Teaches techniques of evaluating investment alternatives. A rewritten version of an earlier exercise. View Details
Keywords: Financial Management; Investment Return
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Crane, Dwight B., and Josh Lerner. "Capital Investment Analysis." Harvard Business School Exercise 204-140, February 2004. (Revised November 2012.)
  • November 2010 (Revised May 2012)
  • Background Note

Assessing a Company's Future Financial Health

By: Thomas R. Piper
The case provides students with (1) an understanding of the essence of long-term financial health; (2) familiarity with the calculation and meaning of various financial ratios; and (3) an understanding of the influence of a company's operating and competitive... View Details
Keywords: Financial Condition; Forecasting and Prediction; Investment Return; Operations; Competitive Strategy
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Piper, Thomas R. "Assessing a Company's Future Financial Health." Harvard Business School Background Note 911-412, November 2010. (Revised May 2012.)
  • June 1985 (Revised December 2002)
  • Background Note

Basic Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation

By: David F. Hawkins
Describes the use of common financial ratios to analyze a firm's performance and financial condition. Discusses fundamentals of equity valuation. Based on an earlier note by the same author. View Details
Keywords: Valuation; Financial Condition; Equity
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Hawkins, David F. "Basic Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 185-149, June 1985. (Revised December 2002.)
  • September 2010 (Revised July 2012)
  • Case

Citigroup 2007: Financial Reporting and Regulatory Capital

By: Suraj Srinivasan, Edward J. Riedl and Sharon Katz
This case introduces 1) financial statements for banks, 2) basic regulatory capital calculations, and 3) actions Citigroup must consider under a scenario of continued losses/fair value declines in 2008 (leading to potential violation of regulatory capital). View Details
Keywords: Fair Value Accounting; Financial Reporting; Financial Statements; Financial Crisis; Capital; Financial Strategy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Banking Industry; United States
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Srinivasan, Suraj, Edward J. Riedl, and Sharon Katz. "Citigroup 2007: Financial Reporting and Regulatory Capital." Harvard Business School Case 111-041, September 2010. (Revised July 2012.)
  • November 2017
  • Teaching Note

Generating Higher Value at IBM (A) and (B)

By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
Teaching Note for HBS Nos. 215-058 and 215-059. View Details
Keywords: Dividends; Share Repurchases; Earnings Guidance; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Ratios; Payout Policy; Earnings Per Share (EPS); Earnings Management; Change Management; Leadership; Transformation; Financial Strategy
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Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Generating Higher Value at IBM (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 218-037, November 2017.
  • May 2015 (Revised December 2016)
  • Supplement

Generating Higher Value at IBM (B)

By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
Keywords: Dividends; Share Repurchases; Earnings Guidance; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Ratios; Payout Policy; Earnings Per Share (EPS); Value Creation; Financial Statements; Corporate Finance; Computer Industry
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Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Generating Higher Value at IBM (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 215-059, May 2015. (Revised December 2016.)
  • Research Summary

Financial Incentives

My research examines how the performance effects of internal governance and the design of compensation vary by managerial position. For example, I document links between innovation and stock options for corporate R&D heads;... View Details

  • June 2017
  • Teaching Note

Project Sun Devil and Project Paris

By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Alexander W. Schultz
Tony Lee is preparing to present a project to the investment committee of Howard Street Capital. He will be recommending an investment in Project Sun Devil, a high-quality 225-unit student housing rental property near Tempe, Arizona. Tony Lee will compete for capital... View Details
Keywords: General Management; Financial Analysis; Return On Assets; Accounting; Performance Measurement; Financial Ratios; Return On Equity; Financial Statements; Profitability Analysis; Portfolio Investment; Portfolio Management; Real Estate; Property; Investment Portfolio; Investment Return; Analysis; Real Estate Industry; United States
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Lietz, Nori Gerardo, and Alexander W. Schultz. "Project Sun Devil and Project Paris." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 217-086, June 2017.
  • April 2006
  • Module Note

Cross-Border Financial Opportunities

By: Mihir A. Desai and Kathleen Luchs
Describes the fifth module in the International Finance course at Harvard Business School. This module explores how segmented capital markets create financing opportunities for firms and the mechanisms that evolve to take advantage of those opportunities. The issues... View Details
Keywords: Opportunities; Capital Markets; Decisions; International Finance; Motivation and Incentives; Taxation
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Desai, Mihir A., and Kathleen Luchs. "Cross-Border Financial Opportunities." Harvard Business School Module Note 206-126, April 2006.
  • April 1982 (Revised June 1985)
  • Case

Westinghouse Electric Corp.: Quality of Earnings Analysis

Westinghouse had just issued its annual report to shareholders for the year ending December 31, 1973. The report indicates that sales have increased to a record $5.7 billion but that net income is down almost 20% from its record level of $199 million in the previous... View Details
Keywords: Business Earnings; Financial Reporting; Corporate Finance; Electronics Industry
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Bartczak, Norman. "Westinghouse Electric Corp.: Quality of Earnings Analysis." Harvard Business School Case 182-239, April 1982. (Revised June 1985.)
  • September 2001
  • Background Note

Financial Reporting Environment, The

By: Paul M. Healy, Amy P. Hutton, Robert S. Kaplan and Krishna G. Palepu
Provides a framework for understanding the role of financial reporting and various intermediaries as mechanisms for reducing both adverse selection and moral hazard problems in capital markets. Financial reports reduce adverse selection by providing basic information... View Details
Keywords: Financial Reporting; Financial Statements; Capital Markets; Venture Capital; Corporate Disclosure; Conflict of Interests
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Healy, Paul M., Amy P. Hutton, Robert S. Kaplan, and Krishna G. Palepu. "Financial Reporting Environment, The." Harvard Business School Background Note 102-029, September 2001.
  • October 2021
  • Case

Financial Reporting at Mattel

By: Aiyesha Dey, Trung Nguyen, Marshal Herrmann and Julia Kelley
In September 2020, Diana Ferguson was nearing her first Audit Committee meeting as the newly appointed Audit Committee chair of Mattel, Inc. Mattel was just recovering from an accounting scandal which had revealed the company’s poor internal controls and weak board... View Details
Keywords: Accounting; Accounting Audits; Financial Reporting; Financial Statements; Governance; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governance Compliance; Governance Controls; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Lawsuits and Litigation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; Financial Services Industry; North and Central America; United States; California
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Dey, Aiyesha, Trung Nguyen, Marshal Herrmann, and Julia Kelley. "Financial Reporting at Mattel." Harvard Business School Case 122-006, October 2021.
  • February 2013 (Revised June 2017)
  • Case

Project Sun Devil and Project Paris

By: Nori Gerardo Lietz
Tony Lee is preparing to present a project to the investment committee of Howard Street Capital. He will be recommending an investment in Project Sun Devil, a high-quality 225-unit student housing rental property near Tempe, Arizona. Tony Lee will compete for capital... View Details
Keywords: General Management; Financial Analysis; Return On Assets; Accounting; Performance Measurement; Financial Ratios; Return On Equity; Financial Statements; Profitability Analysis; Portfolio Investment; Portfolio Management; Real Estate; Property; Investment Portfolio; Investment Return; Real Estate Industry; United States
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Lietz, Nori Gerardo. "Project Sun Devil and Project Paris." Harvard Business School Case 213-078, February 2013. (Revised June 2017.)
  • Forthcoming
  • Article

Variable Leases Under ASC 842: Evidence on Properties and Consequences

By: Jonas Heese, Albert Shin and Charles C.Y. Wang
The new lease standard (ASC 842) allows firms to keep variable leases off-balance-sheet, in part based on the assumption that future expenses are difficult to estimate reliably. We show that variable-lease expenses are both prevalent and substantial, exhibiting... View Details
Keywords: Financial Accounting; Financial Analysis; Accounting; Leasing; Financial Strategy
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Heese, Jonas, Albert Shin, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Variable Leases Under ASC 842: Evidence on Properties and Consequences." Review of Accounting Studies (forthcoming). (Pre-published online June 26, 2025.)
  • October 1985
  • Background Note

Interim Period Reporting and Analysis

By: David F. Hawkins
Keywords: Financial Reporting
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Hawkins, David F. "Interim Period Reporting and Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 186-081, October 1985.
  • September 2010
  • Supplement

Using Regression Analysis to Estimate Time Equations (CW)

By: Francisco de Asis Martinez-Jerez
This note presents a simple way to estimate time equations using regression analysis in Excel. The note quickly outlines regression analysis, then presents a real-life case example from the natural gas industry that students can use to gain experience developing and... View Details
Keywords: History; Management Practices and Processes; Activity Based Costing and Management; Learning; Outcome or Result; Financial Statements; Experience and Expertise; Adoption; Communication Technology; Knowledge Acquisition; Management Skills
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Martinez-Jerez, Francisco de Asis. "Using Regression Analysis to Estimate Time Equations (CW)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 111-702, September 2010.
  • January 2003 (Revised February 2011)
  • Tool

Business Analysis and Valuation Model (Version 5)

By: Paul M. Healy, Krishna G. Palepu and Jonathan Barnett
Once you enter company financial statements, this software enables you to standardize them to a common format, make any needed adjustments to the company's accounting, and make assumptions about the company's future performance. The model then provides financial ratios... View Details
Keywords: Financial Statements; Standards; Mathematical Methods; Valuation
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"Business Analysis and Valuation Model (Version 5)." Harvard Business School Tool 103-701, January 2003. (Revised February 2011.)
  • 2018
  • Other Teaching and Training Material

Financial Accounting Reading: Shareholders' Equity

By: Suraj Srinivasan
Core Curriculum Readings in Financial Accounting cover the fundamental concepts in financial accounting. Many readings include videos and Interactive Illustrations to help students master complex concepts.
This is a standalone reading designed to introduce... View Details
Keywords: Shareholders' Equity; Accounting; Financial Statements
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Srinivasan, Suraj. "Financial Accounting Reading: Shareholders' Equity." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing 5075, 2018.
  • April 2005
  • Article

The Geography of Equity Analysis

By: Christopher J. Malloy
I provide evidence that geographically proximate analysts are more accurate than other analysts. Stock returns immediately surrounding forecast revisions suggest that local analysts impact prices more than other analysts. These effects are strongest for firms located... View Details
Keywords: Geographic Location; Stocks; Investment Return; Forecasting and Prediction; Price; Performance; Equity; Information; Prejudice and Bias; Agency Theory
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Malloy, Christopher J. "The Geography of Equity Analysis." Journal of Finance 60, no. 2 (April 2005): 719–755. (Nominated for Smith Breeden Prize. Best Paper For the best finance research paper published in the Journal of Finance presented by Smith Breeden Associates, Inc.​)
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