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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (1,527)
      • Faculty Publications  (320)

      Competitive Price DiscriminationRemove Competitive Price Discrimination →

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      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Collusion in Brokered Markets

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers and Richard Lowery
      The U.S. residential real estate agency market presents a puzzle for economic theory: commissions on real estate transactions have remained high for decades even though entry is frequent and costs are low. We model the real estate agency market, and other brokered... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate; "Repeated Games"; Collusion; Antitrust; Brokered Markets; Game Theory; Real Estate Industry
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, and Richard Lowery. "Collusion in Brokered Markets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-023, September 2019. (Revised July 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Article

      More Amazon Effects: Online Competition and Pricing Behaviors

      By: Alberto Cavallo
      I study how online competition, with its shrinking margins, algorithmic pricing technologies, and the transparency of the web, can change the pricing behavior of large retailers in the U.S. and affect aggregate inflation dynamics. In particular, I show that in the past... View Details
      Keywords: Amazon; Online Prices; Inflation; Uniform Pricing; Price Stickiness; Monetary Economics; Economics; Macroeconomics; Inflation and Deflation; System Shocks; United States
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      Cavallo, Alberto. "More Amazon Effects: Online Competition and Pricing Behaviors." Jackson Hole Economic Symposium Conference Proceedings (Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City) (2019).
      • August 2019 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Zillow Offers: Winning Online Real Estate 2.0

      By: Luis Viceira, Marco Di Maggio and Allison Ciechanover
      Founded in 2005, Zillow had become the leading online real estate and home-related marketplace. The brand was recognized as a trusted resource for players in the real estate market, providing information and transparency on home prices. Revenue, which was historically... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate; Corporate Culture; Intermediation; Brokerage; Startup; Evaluating Business Investments; Property; Information Technology; Business Model; Expansion; Business Startups; Real Estate Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; United States
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      Viceira, Luis, Marco Di Maggio, and Allison Ciechanover. "Zillow Offers: Winning Online Real Estate 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 220-021, August 2019. (Revised April 2021.)
      • Summer 2019
      • Article

      The Price Effects of Cross-Market Mergers: Theory and Evidence from the Hospital Industry

      By: Leemore S. Dafny, Katherine Ho and Robin S. Lee
      We consider the effect of mergers between firms whose products are not viewed as direct substitutes for the same good or service but are bundled by a common intermediary. Focusing on hospital mergers across distinct geographic markets, we show that such combinations... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Markets; Geographic Scope; Price; Outcome or Result; Insurance; Health Industry
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      Dafny, Leemore S., Katherine Ho, and Robin S. Lee. "The Price Effects of Cross-Market Mergers: Theory and Evidence from the Hospital Industry." RAND Journal of Economics 50, no. 2 (Summer 2019): 286–325.
      • June 2019
      • Article

      Brokers vs. Retail Investors: Conflicting Interests and Dominated Products

      By: Mark Egan
      I study how brokers distort household investment decisions. Using a novel convertible bond dataset, I find that consumers often purchase dominated bonds—cheap and expensive versions of otherwise identical bonds coexist in the market. The empirical evidence suggests... View Details
      Keywords: Brokers; Fiduciary Standard; Consumer Finance; Structured Products; Household; Investment; Decisions; Motivation and Incentives; Conflict of Interests
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      Egan, Mark. "Brokers vs. Retail Investors: Conflicting Interests and Dominated Products." Journal of Finance 74, no. 3 (June 2019): 1217–1260.
      • March 2019
      • Case

      HOPI: Turkey's Shopping Companion

      By: Sunil Gupta, Donald Ngwe and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in 2017 as Onur Erbay, CEO of HOPI, a multi-vendor loyalty platform, is contemplating a critical decision. The case chronicles the origins of Boyner Group, the parent company of HOPI and a major retailer in Turkey, and development of retail and customer... View Details
      Keywords: Loyalty Programs; Multi-vendor Platform; Retail; Big Data; Customer Relationship Management; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Business Model; Analytics and Data Science; Competitive Strategy; Decision Making; Applications and Software; Digital Platforms; Technology Industry; Retail Industry; Turkey
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      Gupta, Sunil, Donald Ngwe, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "HOPI: Turkey's Shopping Companion." Harvard Business School Case 519-057, March 2019.
      • March 2019
      • Supplement

      KITEA (E): IKEA's Opening Day

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Gamze Yucaoglu
      The case opens in 2016 as Amine Benkirane, CEO of the furniture retailer KITEA, observes KITEA’s dormant sales on the day IKEA opens its first store in Morocco. It then provides information on IKEA’s Morocco store, as well as a detailed pricing comparison between IKEA... View Details
      Keywords: Private Sector; For-Profit Firms; Business Strategy; Strategic Planning; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Adaptation; Corporate Strategy; Retail Industry; Africa; North Africa; Morocco
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "KITEA (E): IKEA's Opening Day." Harvard Business School Supplement 719-422, March 2019.
      • March 2019 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      When the mother-daughter founders of DivaCup set out with a mission to disrupt the menstrual care industry with an innovative product form, they initially struggled to gain legitimacy and convince retailers to carry their unique product. Fifteen years later, the... View Details
      Keywords: Female; Female Ceo; Female Entrepreneur; Female Protagonist; Health & Wellness; Healthcare; Price Policies; Minimum Advertised Price; Differentiation; Positioning; Growth; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Price; Disruption; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Competitive Strategy; Competition; Growth Management; Mission and Purpose; Product Development; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Advertising; Business Startups; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Social Entrepreneurship; Social Issues; Social Enterprise; Retail Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Health Industry; Green Technology Industry; Education Industry; Distribution Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Canada; United States; United Kingdom
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "The DivaCup: Navigating Distribution and Growth." Harvard Business School Case 519-055, March 2019. (Revised April 2021.)
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      The Impact of Increasing Search Frictions on Online Shopping Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment

      By: Donald Ngwe, Kris J. Ferreira and Thales Teixeira
      Many online stores are designed such that shoppers can easily access any available discounted products. We propose that deliberately increasing search frictions by placing small obstacles to locating discounted items can improve online retailers’ margins and even... View Details
      Keywords: E-commerce; Online Retailing; Friction; Effor; Search Costs; Price Discrimination; Consumer Behavior; Price; Search Technology
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      Ngwe, Donald, Kris J. Ferreira, and Thales Teixeira. "The Impact of Increasing Search Frictions on Online Shopping Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-080, January 2019.
      • November 2018 (Revised April 2019)
      • Case

      Zespri Grows

      By: David E. Bell and Natalie Kindred
      Controlling about a third of global kiwifruit exports by volume and nearly half by value in 2018, Zespri was a grower-owned “corporatized cooperative” with the exclusive right to export New Zealand-grown kiwifruit (except to Australia). Zespri did not grow fruit but... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Kiwi; Kiwifruit; Agriculture; Global Supply Chain; Branding; Produce; Coordinated Industry Structure; Industry Coordination; Countercyclical Supply; New Product Development; Product Strategy; Differentiation; Food; Quality; Trade; Brands and Branding; Marketing; Strategy; Global Strategy; Change Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Globalization; Globalized Firms and Management; Competitive Strategy; Resource Allocation; Product Development; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; New Zealand
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      Bell, David E., and Natalie Kindred. "Zespri Grows." Harvard Business School Case 519-047, November 2018. (Revised April 2019.)
      • July 2018
      • Teaching Note

      Ron Johnson: A Career in Retail

      By: Ryan Raffaelli
      In April 2013, Ron Johnson (HBS '84) stepped down after just 18 months as CEO of J.C. Penney. In his brief tenure, Johnson, an acclaimed retailer respected for his innovation and success in shaping the retail image at Target and Apple, introduced dramatic departures... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Leadership Development; Legal Industry; Procurement; Professional Service Firms; Pricing; Competition; Organizational Behavior; Change Management; Innovation Leadership; Situation or Environment; Failure; Management Teams; Brands and Branding; Retail Industry; United States
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      Raffaelli, Ryan. "Ron Johnson: A Career in Retail." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 419-010, July 2018.
      • June 2018
      • Case

      American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)

      By: Alvin J. Silk and Sunil Gupta
      This is an abridged version of the 1992 case where American Airlines (AA) launched "Value Pricing" in an attempt to simplify the pricing structure of the airline industry. AA expected that this plan would benefit not only consumers, but also AA and the entire airline... View Details
      Keywords: Consumer Marketing; Market Segmentation; Pricing; Pricing Strategy; Demand Analysis; Competition; Marketing; Segmentation; Price; Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Analysis; Air Transportation Industry
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      Silk, Alvin J., and Sunil Gupta. "American Airlines' Value Pricing (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 519-019, June 2018.
      • May 2018 (Revised February 2019)
      • Teaching Note

      Greg Mazur and the Purchase of Great Eastern Premium Pet Foods

      By: Richard S. Ruback, Royce Yudkoff and Ahron Rosenfeld
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 211-085. Greg Mazur (HBS 1997) identified a small firm, Great Eastern Premium Pet Food, in December of 1998 that fit his search criteria and decided to offer the seller a cash price of $1.2 million plus an earn-out equal to 1% of revenue over... View Details
      Keywords: Acquisition; Entrepreneurship; Financing and Loans; Negotiation Deal; Strategic Planning; Valuation; Analysis
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      Ruback, Richard S., Royce Yudkoff, and Ahron Rosenfeld. "Greg Mazur and the Purchase of Great Eastern Premium Pet Foods." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 218-122, May 2018. (Revised February 2019.)
      • May 2018
      • Article

      Was kostet die Zeit?

      By: Stefan Thomke, Daniela Beyersdorfer and Christina Kestel
      A German luxury watch manufacturer wants to offer a new collection, including a special model in a limited quantity. The competition has no comparable model. Which price should the company choose? View Details
      Keywords: Pricing Strategy; Innovation Management; Watches; Marketing Of Innovations; Price; Strategy; Innovation and Management; Marketing; Luxury
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      Thomke, Stefan, Daniela Beyersdorfer, and Christina Kestel. "Was kostet die Zeit?" Harvard Business Manager (May 2018), 90–96.
      • March 2018
      • Supplement

      The Rise and Rise (?) of Walmart (B): Kmart Declares Bankruptcy

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      This case follows up on the competition between Kmart and Walmart as discussed in the A case. It summarizes the companies' positions in the early 2000s, and discusses events between 1990 and Kmart's declaration of bankruptcy in 2002. Walmart grew significantly,... View Details
      Keywords: Bankruptcy; Walmart; Kmart; Controversy; Strategy; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Competition; Public Opinion; Retail Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Karen Elterman. "The Rise and Rise (?) of Walmart (B): Kmart Declares Bankruptcy." Harvard Business School Supplement 718-510, March 2018.
      • February 2018 (Revised September 2018)
      • Case

      Huawei: How Can We Lead the Way?

      By: Elie Ofek, Tian Tao, Eden Yin and Nancy Hua Dai
      On September 12, 2017, just as Apple’s Tim Cook was unveiling the iPhone X, Richard Yu, CEO of Huawei’s Consumer Business Group (CBG), and Glory Cheung, his Chief Marketing Officer, were discussing some key strategic issues regarding Huawei’s smartphone business.... View Details
      Keywords: Product Launch; Product Positioning; Marketing Communications; Price; Competitive Strategy; Global Strategy
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      Ofek, Elie, Tian Tao, Eden Yin, and Nancy Hua Dai. "Huawei: How Can We Lead the Way?" Harvard Business School Case 518-071, February 2018. (Revised September 2018.)
      • February 2018
      • Article

      Auctions versus Posted Prices in Online Markets

      By: Liran Einav, Chiara Farronato, Jonathan Levin and Neel Sundaresan
      Auctions were very popular in the early days of internet commerce, but today online sellers mostly use posted prices. We model the choice between auctions and posted prices as a trade-off between competitive price discovery and convenience. Evidence from eBay fits the... View Details
      Keywords: Internet and the Web; Auctions; Price
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      Einav, Liran, Chiara Farronato, Jonathan Levin, and Neel Sundaresan. "Auctions versus Posted Prices in Online Markets." Journal of Political Economy 126, no. 1 (February 2018): 178–215.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      The Welfare Effects of Peer Entry in the Accommodation Market: The Case of Airbnb

      By: Chiara Farronato and Andrey Fradkin
      We study the effects of enabling peer supply through Airbnb in the accommodation industry. We present a model of competition between flexible and dedicated sellers - peer hosts and hotels - who provide differentiated products. We estimate this model using data from... View Details
      Keywords: Peer To Peer; Digital Platforms; Market Entry and Exit; Competition; Accommodations Industry
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      Farronato, Chiara, and Andrey Fradkin. "The Welfare Effects of Peer Entry in the Accommodation Market: The Case of Airbnb." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 24361, February 2018.
      • January 2018 (Revised October 2020)
      • Case

      The Rise and Rise (?) of Walmart (A): Battling Kmart

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Eric Van den Steen and Karen Elterman
      This case, set in 1990, describes the history of Walmart and asks what competitive strategies Kmart might adopt in response to Walmart's success. It discusses the strategy and organization of both companies in terms of HR practices, store location, distribution,... View Details
      Keywords: Walmart; Kmart; Organization; Company Culture; Pricing; Procurement; Supercenter; Strategy; Competition; Organizational Culture; Competitive Strategy; Retail Industry; United States; Bentonville; Arkansas
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, Eric Van den Steen, and Karen Elterman. "The Rise and Rise (?) of Walmart (A): Battling Kmart." Harvard Business School Case 718-431, January 2018. (Revised October 2020.)
      • November 2017 (Revised October 2018)
      • Case

      Brandless: Disrupting Consumer Packaged Goods

      By: Jill Avery
      Brandless, an online direct-to-consumer seller of upscale private-label consumer packaged goods, offered consumers a limited assortment of values-conscious products delivered directly to their homes with the simplicity of one fixed $3 price point that promised an... View Details
      Keywords: Brand; Brand Management; Retailing; Retailing Industry; Private Label; Direct To Consumer Marketing; Ecommerce; Digital Marketing; Consumer Packaged Goods; Startup; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Disruption; Food; Product Marketing; Marketing Channels; Consumer Behavior; Brands and Branding; Venture Capital; E-commerce; Consumer Products Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Retail Industry; United States; North America
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      Avery, Jill. "Brandless: Disrupting Consumer Packaged Goods." Harvard Business School Case 518-044, November 2017. (Revised October 2018.)
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