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      • Faculty Publications  (115)

      by Debora L. SparRemove by Debora L. Spar →

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      • October 1996 (Revised May 1998)
      • Case

      Regarding NAFTA

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In the aftermath of World War II, the countries of the industrialized world engaged in an unprecedented round of institution-building, through which historical barriers to international trade, especially tariffs, came tumbling down. The GATT has reshaped the... View Details
      Keywords: Organizations; Trade; North America
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      Spar, Debora L., and Elizabeth B. Stein. "Regarding NAFTA." Harvard Business School Case 797-013, October 1996. (Revised May 1998.)
      • October 1996 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Chiquita Brands International (A)

      By: Debora L. Spar and Terence Mulligan
      When a new banana import policy is implemented in 1993 by the European Union, Chiquita Brands International, the world's largest banana distributor, watches its sales and net income plummet. The policy, Council Regulation (EEC 404/93), uses a new tariff and quota... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Trade; Government and Politics; Policy; Market Design; Fairness; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Latin America; European Union
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      Spar, Debora L., and Terence Mulligan. "Chiquita Brands International (A)." Harvard Business School Case 797-015, October 1996. (Revised December 2022.)
      • May–June 1996
      • Article

      Ruling the Net

      By: D. L. Spar and Jeffrey J. Bussgang
      The Internet promises a radical new world of business. But for many companies, it has yet to deliver. Although doing business in cyberspace may be novel and exhilarating, it can also be frustrating, confusing, and even unprofitable. Debora Spar and Jeffrey Bussgang... View Details
      Keywords: Information Services; Online Technology
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      Spar, D. L., and Jeffrey J. Bussgang. "Ruling the Net." Harvard Business Review 74, no. 3 (May–June 1996): 125–133.
      • April 1996
      • Case

      Controlling International Oil (B): The Rise and Fall of OPEC (Abridged)

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Debora L. Spar
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Energy Industry
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., and Debora L. Spar. "Controlling International Oil (B): The Rise and Fall of OPEC (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 796-165, April 1996.
      • March 1996 (Revised October 1996)
      • Case

      Singapore's Trade in Services

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Focuses on the efforts of Singapore's Economic Development Board (EDB) to grow the tiny island almost wholly through an expansion of its service economy. Between 1965 and 1990, Singapore achieved a remarkable rate of growth, largely by opening its economy to foreign... View Details
      Keywords: Growth Management; Service Operations; Government and Politics; Developing Countries and Economies; Macroeconomics; Service Industry; Singapore
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      Spar, Debora L., Julia Kou, and Laura Bures. "Singapore's Trade in Services." Harvard Business School Case 796-135, March 1996. (Revised October 1996.)
      • January 1996 (Revised June 1996)
      • Supplement

      Toys "R" Us Japan (B)

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Supplements Toys "R" Us Japan. View Details
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      Spar, Debora L., and Laura Bures. Toys "R" Us Japan (B). Harvard Business School Supplement 796-107, January 1996. (Revised June 1996.)
      • January 1996 (Revised February 1998)
      • Case

      Japan's Automakers Face Endaka

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In April 1995, the Japanese yen hit a post-World War II high against the U.S. dollar. The yen's relentless ascent affected firms on both sides of the Pacific, but fell particularly hard on Japan's big four automakers. This case explores how endaka--or"high... View Details
      Keywords: Currency Exchange Rate; Competitive Strategy; Trade; Foreign Direct Investment; Macroeconomics; Manufacturing Industry; Auto Industry; Japan
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      Spar, Debora L., Julia Kou, Elizabeth B. Stein, and Karen Gordon. "Japan's Automakers Face Endaka." Harvard Business School Case 796-030, January 1996. (Revised February 1998.)
      • December 1995 (Revised January 2008)
      • Case

      Lenzing AG: Expanding in Indonesia

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In 1994, Lenzing AG, the world's largest rayon manufacturer, is deciding whether to expand production in South Pacific Viscose, its Indonesian subsidiary. Indonesia is a booming market for rayon, but management still has some concerns about the expansion. First, for... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Production; Expansion; Logistics; Manufacturing Industry; Indonesia
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      Spar, Debora L., Lygeia Ricciardi, and Laura Bures. "Lenzing AG: Expanding in Indonesia." Harvard Business School Case 796-099, December 1995. (Revised January 2008.)
      • December 1995
      • Case

      Layton Canada

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In 1993, Layton Canada finds itself caught in an intractable political situation. As part of a global reorganization process, the firm has been transformed from a subsidiary of a Dutch parent corporation to a subsidiary of a U.S. parent. Now, if it continues with its... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Government and Politics
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      Spar, Debora L., Lygeia Ricciardi, and Laura Bures. "Layton Canada." Harvard Business School Case 796-108, December 1995.
      • December 1995
      • Case

      Assessing Foreign Business Practices

      By: Debora L. Spar
      As businesses expand worldwide, corporations are increasingly being forced to grapple with definitions of "acceptable" foreign conduct. What differentiates a "bribe" from a "commission"? Should managers abroad refer to local custom or their own national laws in... View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Spar, Debora L., and Zanley Galton. "Assessing Foreign Business Practices." Harvard Business School Case 796-105, December 1995.
      • December 1995 (Revised February 1999)
      • Case

      Toys "R" Us Japan

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Documents the American retailer's process of entry into the Japanese toy market. Discusses the history of Toys "R" Us in the United States as well as the history of the Japanese toy market, distribution, wholesaling, and retailing systems. Eager to enter the world's... View Details
      Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Retail Industry; Japan; United States
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      Spar, Debora L. Toys "R" Us Japan. Harvard Business School Case 796-077, December 1995. (Revised February 1999.)
      • July 1995 (Revised April 1996)
      • Case

      Union Carbide's Bhopal Plant (B)

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Describes the aftermath of the explosion at Bhopal. View Details
      Keywords: Crisis Management
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia Kou. "Union Carbide's Bhopal Plant (B)." Harvard Business School Case 796-035, July 1995. (Revised April 1996.)
      • June 1995 (Revised June 1996)
      • Case

      White Nights and Polar Lights: Investing in the Russian Oil Industry

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In the latter half of the 1980s, the collapse of the Soviet empire created an unprecedented opportunity for Western businesses. Among those most attracted were the oil firms, who rushed to investigate Russia's vast petroleum reserves. But, as they soon discovered,... View Details
      Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Market Entry and Exit; Foreign Direct Investment; Energy Sources; Energy Industry; Russia
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      Spar, Debora L., William W. Jarosz, and Julia Kou. "White Nights and Polar Lights: Investing in the Russian Oil Industry." Harvard Business School Case 795-022, June 1995. (Revised June 1996.)
      • June 1995 (Revised September 1996)
      • Case

      Union Carbide's Bhopal Plant (A)

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In December 1984, a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, sprung a leak, releasing thousands of gallons of highly toxic gas into the atmosphere. By the time the leak was sealed, over 2,000 people had died. In a series of three excerpts from published accounts, the case... View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Chemicals; Foreign Direct Investment; Chemical Industry; United States; India
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      Spar, Debora L., Suzanne Hull, and Julia Kou. "Union Carbide's Bhopal Plant (A)." Harvard Business School Case 795-070, June 1995. (Revised September 1996.)
      • January 1995
      • Case

      Controlling International Oil (B): The Rise and Fall of OPEC

      By: Debora L. Spar and Richard H.K. Vietor
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Energy Industry
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      Spar, Debora L., and Richard H.K. Vietor. "Controlling International Oil (B): The Rise and Fall of OPEC." Harvard Business School Case 795-066, January 1995.
      • January 1995
      • Background Note

      Note on Foreign Direct Investment

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Between 1985 and 1990, the global economy witnessed an unprecedented surge in flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). This sudden increase called back into prominence the range of questions that have long surrounded FDI. What causes firms to expand or contract their... View Details
      Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia Kou. "Note on Foreign Direct Investment." Harvard Business School Background Note 795-031, January 1995.
      • December 1994
      • Case

      Being There: Sony Corporation and Columbia Pictures

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In September 1989, Sony Corp. of Japan bid $3.4 billion for Columbia Pictures. It was the highest bid ever by a Japanese company for any U.S. property. The case examines the validity of Sony's objectives in making this purchase, and also the political uproar that the... View Details
      Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment; Film Entertainment; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Japan; United States
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      Spar, Debora L., and Julia Kou. "Being There: Sony Corporation and Columbia Pictures." Harvard Business School Case 795-025, December 1994.
      • December 1994 (Revised February 1995)
      • Case

      Controlling International Oil (A): The Seven Sisters

      By: Debora L. Spar and Richard H.K. Vietor
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Energy Industry
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      Spar, Debora L., and Richard H.K. Vietor. "Controlling International Oil (A): The Seven Sisters." Harvard Business School Case 795-065, December 1994. (Revised February 1995.)
      • January 1994
      • Case

      China (B): Polaroid of Shanghai Ltd.

      By: Debora L. Spar
      Examines the experience of Polaroid of Shanghai Ltd. (PSL), a joint venture between the U.S.-based Polaroid Corp. and the Shanghai Motion Picture Industry Co., within the framework of China's foreign investment climate. Discusses the evolution of foreign investment in... View Details
      Keywords: Joint Ventures; Foreign Direct Investment; China; United States
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      Spar, Debora L. "China (B): Polaroid of Shanghai Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 794-089, January 1994.
      • September 1993 (Revised September 1997)
      • Case

      China (A): The Great Awakening

      By: Debora L. Spar
      As the third largest economy after the United States and Japan, China's startling economic growth has spurred increasing interest in the economic, social, and political factors that catapulted the country to sudden prominence. This case starts with an overview of the... View Details
      Keywords: History; Government and Politics; Society; Macroeconomics; China
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      Spar, Debora L. "China (A): The Great Awakening." Harvard Business School Case 794-019, September 1993. (Revised September 1997.)
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