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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (122)

      Platform DesignRemove Platform Design →

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      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      This paper seeks to explain the technological forces that led to the rise of vertically integrated corporations in the late 19th century and the opposing forces that led to a vertical-to-horizontal transition in the computer industry 100 years later. I first model the... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Design; Business History; Vertical Integration; Horizontal Integration; Digital Platforms; Computer Industry
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-084, March 2017.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Platforms, Open/User Innovation, and Ecosystems: A Strategic Leadership Perspective

      By: Elizabeth J. Altman and Michael L. Tushman
      Platform, open/user innovation, and ecosystem strategies embrace and enable interactions with external entities. Firms pursuing these approaches conduct business and interact with environments differently than those pursuing traditional closed strategies. This paper... View Details
      Keywords: Platforms; Open/user Innovation; Ecosystems; Crowdsourcing; Institutional Logics; Strategic Leadership; Top Management Teams; CEO Role; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Invention; Organizational Design; Strategy; Managerial Roles
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      Altman, Elizabeth J., and Michael L. Tushman. "Platforms, Open/User Innovation, and Ecosystems: A Strategic Leadership Perspective." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-076, February 2017. (Revised April 2017.)
      • February 2017
      • Case

      Aston Martin: A Second Century of Performance and Luxury

      By: Vish V. Krishnan, Karim R. Lakhani and Amram Migdal
      Following the March 2016 launch of DB11, Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd.’s first new sports car platform in over a decade, this case discusses the future strategy of the famed British luxury auto manufacturer. Since its founding in 1902, Aston Martin has been characterized... View Details
      Keywords: Luxury; Auto Brand; Luxury Auto; Growth; Innovation; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Operations; Product Design; Product Development; Production; Innovation and Invention; Transportation; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Change; Transformation; Management; Marketing; Auto Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; England
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      Krishnan, Vish V., Karim R. Lakhani, and Amram Migdal. "Aston Martin: A Second Century of Performance and Luxury." Harvard Business School Case 617-033, February 2017.
      • January 2017 (Revised March 2017)
      • Case

      IBM Transforming, 2012–2016: Ginni Rometty Steers Watson

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jonathan Cohen
      To transform IBM for the next technology wave, Ginni Rometty, who became CEO in 2012, led divestment of declining businesses, made acquisitions in digital innovation and cloud computing, formed partnerships with former competitors such as Apple and tech startups, and... View Details
      Keywords: Digital; Technological Change; Artificial Intelligence; Data; IBM; Watson; Internet Of Things; Innovation and Invention; Management; Sales; Information Technology; Technological Innovation; Transformation; AI and Machine Learning
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jonathan Cohen. "IBM Transforming, 2012–2016: Ginni Rometty Steers Watson." Harvard Business School Case 317-046, January 2017. (Revised March 2017.)
      • 2016
      • Article

      Peer-to-Peer Markets

      By: Liran Einav, Chiara Farronato and Jonathan Levin
      Peer-to-peer markets such as eBay, Uber, and Airbnb allow small suppliers to compete with traditional providers of goods or services. We view the primary function of these markets as making it easy for buyers to find sellers and engage in convenient, trustworthy... View Details
      Keywords: Peer-to-peer; Online Platforms; Matching; Innovation; Digital Platforms; Marketplace Matching; Market Design; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Network Effects; Market Entry and Exit
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      Einav, Liran, Chiara Farronato, and Jonathan Levin. "Peer-to-Peer Markets." Annual Review of Economics 8 (2016): 615–635.
      • June 2016
      • Case

      Big Spaceship: The Evolving Agency

      By: Boris Groysberg and Matthew G. Preble
      This case discusses the evolution of Big Spaceship, an advertising and marketing agency, from a product-focused business to a relationship-oriented one as clients seek deeper and more meaningful long-term partnerships. The 15-year-old company had already evolved... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Marketing; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Marketing; Organizational Structure; Organizational Design; Organizational Culture; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Social Media; Advertising Industry; United States; New York (city, NY)
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Matthew G. Preble. "Big Spaceship: The Evolving Agency." Harvard Business School Case 416-003, June 2016.
      • May 2016 (Revised April 2018)
      • Case

      Building the Digital Manufacturing Enterprise of the Future at Siemens

      By: Willy Shih
      This case describes the motivation for and the development of Siemens' digital manufacturing enterprise vision, which became the foundation for its implementation of Industrie 4.0. While the effort started with a purely defensive move by Anton Huber, head of the... View Details
      Keywords: Big Data; Internet Of Things; Internet Of Everything; Industrie 4.0; Digital Factory; Digital Enterprise; Digital Manufacturing; Manufacturing; Production Management; Production Planning; Computer Software; Germany; German Manufacturing; Machinery and Machining; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Technological Innovation; Production; Supply Chain; Applications and Software; Information Infrastructure; Internet and the Web; Analytics and Data Science; Manufacturing Industry; Germany
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      Shih, Willy. "Building the Digital Manufacturing Enterprise of the Future at Siemens." Harvard Business School Case 616-060, May 2016. (Revised April 2018.)
      • September–October 2015
      • Article

      Facts and Figuring: An Experimental Investigation of Network Structure and Performance in Information and Solution Spaces

      By: Jesse Shore, Ethan Bernstein and David Lazer
      Using data from a novel laboratory experiment on complex problem solving in which we varied the structure of 16-person networks, we investigate how an organization's network structure shapes performance of problem-solving tasks. Problem solving, we argue, involves both... View Details
      Keywords: Networks; Experiments; Clustering; Problem Solving; Exploration And Exploitation; Knowledge; Search; Collaboration; Collaboration Structures; Transparency; Communication; Communication Technology; Information; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Performance Effectiveness; Theory; Information Industry; Information Technology Industry; Public Administration Industry; Technology Industry; Service Industry
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      Shore, Jesse, Ethan Bernstein, and David Lazer. "Facts and Figuring: An Experimental Investigation of Network Structure and Performance in Information and Solution Spaces." Organization Science 26, no. 5 (September–October 2015): 1432–1446. (Won 2014 INGRoup Outstanding Paper Award.)
      • June 2015 (Revised April 2018)
      • Case

      WeChat: A Global Platform?

      By: Willy Shih, Howard Yu and Feng Liu
      WeChat was developed by Tencent Holdings as a lightweight messaging platform. As it grew quickly to become the most popular messaging app in China, it added a range of products and services that sat on top that were designed to appeal to a broad range of consumers and... View Details
      Keywords: Online Platforms; China; WeChat; Tencent Holdings; Globalization; Internet and the Web; Applications and Software; Digital Platforms; Telecommunications Industry; Information Industry; China
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      Shih, Willy, Howard Yu, and Feng Liu. "WeChat: A Global Platform?" Harvard Business School Case 615-049, June 2015. (Revised April 2018.)
      • May 2015 (Revised September 2015)
      • Case

      Philips Healthcare: Marketing the HealthSuite Digital Platform

      By: John A. Quelch and Margaret L. Rodriguez
      In June 2014, leading healthcare and consumer technology company, Royal Philips ("Philips"), announced its HealthSuite Digital Platform to house healthcare data and enable applications used by physicians and patients. Philips had strong equity in the healthcare... View Details
      Keywords: Health; Healthcare; Digital; Platform; Ecosystem; Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Product Development; Applications and Software; Digital Platforms; Health Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Netherlands; United States
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      Quelch, John A., and Margaret L. Rodriguez. "Philips Healthcare: Marketing the HealthSuite Digital Platform." Harvard Business School Case 515-052, May 2015. (Revised September 2015.)
      • February 2015
      • Case

      TouchTunes and the Connected Digital Jukebox Platform

      By: Alan MacCormack and Noah Fisher
      The case describes innovation and new product development at TouchTunes, the leader in the Digital Jukebox market. In March 2013, after releasing its innovative "Virtuo" jukebox developed in collaboration with frog design, TouchTunes was at a crossroads. Having... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Design; R&D; Outsourcing; Platform Strategy; Digital Media; Digital Platforms; Growth and Development Strategy; Innovation and Invention; Product Development; Music Industry
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      MacCormack, Alan, and Noah Fisher. "TouchTunes and the Connected Digital Jukebox Platform." Harvard Business School Case 615-051, February 2015.
      • September 2014
      • Supplement

      Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (B)

      By: Karim R. Lakhani, Wesley M. Cohen, Kynon Ingram, Tushar Kothalkar, Maxim Kuzemchenko, Santosh Malik, Cynthia Meyn, Stephanie Healy Pokrywa and Greta Friar
      This supplemental case follows up on the Netflix Prize Contest described in Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (A). In the A case, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings must decide how to organize a crowdsourcing contest to improve the algorithms for Netflix's movie... View Details
      Keywords: Crowdsourcing; Prizes; Digitization; Algorithms; Recommendation Software; Disruption; Transformation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Knowledge Sharing; Applications and Software
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      Lakhani, Karim R., Wesley M. Cohen, Kynon Ingram, Tushar Kothalkar, Maxim Kuzemchenko, Santosh Malik, Cynthia Meyn, Stephanie Healy Pokrywa, and Greta Friar. "Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 615-025, September 2014.
      • August 2014
      • Case

      Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (A)

      By: Karim R. Lakhani, Wesley M. Cohen, Kynon Ingram, Tushar Kothalkar, Maxim Kuzemchenko, Santosh Malik, Cynthia Meyn, Greta Friar and Stephanie Healy Pokrywa
      In 2006, Reed Hastings, CEO of Netflix, was looking for a way to solve Netflix's customer churn problem. Netflix used Cinematch, its proprietary movie recommendation software, to promote individually determined best-fit movies to customers. Hastings determined that a... View Details
      Keywords: Crowdsourcing; Prizes; Digitization; Algorithms; Recommendation Software; Disruption; Transformation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Knowledge Sharing; Applications and Software; Motion Pictures and Video Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Lakhani, Karim R., Wesley M. Cohen, Kynon Ingram, Tushar Kothalkar, Maxim Kuzemchenko, Santosh Malik, Cynthia Meyn, Greta Friar, and Stephanie Healy Pokrywa. "Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (A)." Harvard Business School Case 615-015, August 2014.
      • March 2014 (Revised January 2015)
      • Case

      Prodigy Network: Democratizing Real Estate Design and Financing

      By: Karim R. Lakhani, Katja Hutter and Greta Friar
      This case follows Rodrigo Nino, founder and CEO of commercial real estate development company Prodigy Network, as he develops an equity-based crowdfunding model for small investors to access commercial real estate in Colombia, then tries out the model in the U.S. U.S.... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Real Estate; Crowdfunding; Crowdsourcing; Digital Innovation; Commercial Real Estate; Online Platforms; Disruption; Transformation; Design; Assets; Equity; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; Real Estate Industry; Latin America; New York (state, US); United States
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      Lakhani, Karim R., Katja Hutter, and Greta Friar. "Prodigy Network: Democratizing Real Estate Design and Financing." Harvard Business School Case 614-064, March 2014. (Revised January 2015.)
      • September 2013
      • Case

      Advanced Leadership Pathways: Laurent Adamowicz and Bon'App

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Juliane Calingo Schwetz and Patricia Bissett Higgins
      After a successful career as Chairman and CEO of Paris-based luxury food company Fauchon, Laurent Adamowicz sought to reduce obesity and improve health outcomes. Adamowicz created a mobile application to provide consumers with more accessible and interpretable... View Details
      Keywords: Management; Startup; Leadership; Leadership Style; Leadership Skills; Nutrition Database; Nutritionist In Your Pocket; Nutritional Educational Platform; Shazam Of Food; Weight Loss; Iphone; Android; Applications; App Development; Nutrition Labeling; Nutritional Information; Obesity; Epidemic; Applications and Software; Nutrition; Business Startups; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Information Technology Industry; Health Industry; Boston; Massachusetts
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Juliane Calingo Schwetz, and Patricia Bissett Higgins. "Advanced Leadership Pathways: Laurent Adamowicz and Bon'App." Harvard Business School Case 314-028, September 2013.
      • 2013
      • Case

      Advanced Leadership Pathways: Laurent Adamowicz and Bon'App

      By: Rosabeth M. Kanter, Juliane Calingo Schwetz and Patricia Bissett Higgins
      After a successful career as Chairman and CEO of Paris-based luxury food company, Fauchon, Laurent Adamowicz, sought to reduce obesity and improve health outcomes. Adamowicz created a mobile application to provide consumers with more accessible and interpretable... View Details
      Keywords: Nutritional Information; Obesity; Weight Loss; App Development; Business Startups; Nutrition; Health; Information; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Entrepreneurship; Social Enterprise; Information Technology Industry; Health Industry
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      Kanter, Rosabeth M., Juliane Calingo Schwetz, and Patricia Bissett Higgins. "Advanced Leadership Pathways: Laurent Adamowicz and Bon'App." Harvard Business Publishing Case 314-028, 2013.
      • August 2013
      • Technical Note

      Raising the Level of Abstraction

      By: Willy Shih
      This technical note discusses abstraction as a way of generalizing a process or component for wider application. By hiding complexity inside a module, abstraction enables system designers to think at a higher level. This lowers entry barriers to using (and reusing) a... View Details
      Keywords: Abstraction; Modularity; Commercialization; Information Technology; Information Infrastructure; Information Technology; Applications and Software; Digital Platforms; United States; Asia; Europe
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      Shih, Willy. "Raising the Level of Abstraction." Harvard Business School Technical Note 614-019, August 2013.
      • December 2012 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      AmTran Technology Ltd.

      By: Willy Shih, Jyun-Cheng Wang and Karen E. Robinson
      As an original design manufacturer (ODM) of television sets and leading supplier to Vizio, a market leader in the U.S. for LCD flat panel TVs, AmTran Technology Ltd. uses what founder Alpha Wu describes as a "WE" model in which western companies perform sales,... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Technology Transitions; Analog; Digital; Television; TV; Flat-panel; ATSC; NTSC; Video; Global Strategy; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Development; Product Design; Supply Chain; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Technology Adoption; Digital Platforms; Electronics Industry; Taiwan; United States; Japan
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      Shih, Willy, Jyun-Cheng Wang, and Karen E. Robinson. "AmTran Technology Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 613-069, December 2012. (Revised April 2025.)
      • November 2012
      • Case

      Bonnier: Digitalizing the Media Business

      By: Lynda Applegate, Daniel Nylen, Jonny Holmstrom and Kalle Lyytinen
      The case follows leading Scandinavian media company Bonnier as it establishes a designated R&D division for the first time. The case, in particular, focuses on its first flagship project, called Mag+, in which it creates a digital platform for publishing digital... View Details
      Keywords: Media And Publishing; Media; Publishing Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda, Daniel Nylen, Jonny Holmstrom, and Kalle Lyytinen. "Bonnier: Digitalizing the Media Business." Harvard Business School Case 813-073, November 2012.
      • November 2012 (Revised May 2013)
      • Case

      ASUSTeK and the Google Nexus 7 Tablet

      By: Willy C. Shih and Jyun-Cheng Wang
      Days after Jerry Shen introduced a new tablet computer at the Consumer Electronics Show, a Google meeting convinced him to go with a lower price point and co-branding as the Nexus 7. While his company would have a premier position at launch, companies like Samsung... View Details
      Keywords: Nexus; Google; ASUSTeK; Android; Tablet; Kindle; Kindle Fire; Notebook Computers; ODM; Apple; Price Point; App Store; Ecosystem; Open Handset Alliance; Reference Design; iPad; EMS; Electronic Manufacturing Services; Smartphone; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Industry Structures; Product Design; Product Development; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Internet and the Web; Computer Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Taiwan; United States
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      Shih, Willy C., and Jyun-Cheng Wang. "ASUSTeK and the Google Nexus 7 Tablet." Harvard Business School Case 613-056, November 2012. (Revised May 2013.)
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