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    • All HBS Web  (1,041)
      • Faculty Publications  (156)

      Fuzzy Set AnalysisRemove Fuzzy Set Analysis →

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      • June 2015 (Revised September 2017)
      • Supplement

      Generating Higher Value at IBM

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Scott Mayfield
      This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004-2013, during which IBM returned more than $140B to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam... View Details
      Keywords: Dividends; Share Repurchases; Earnings Guidance; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Ratios; Payout Policy; Earnings Per Share (EPS); Earnings Management; Change Management; Leadership; Transformation; Financial Strategy
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Scott Mayfield. "Generating Higher Value at IBM." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 215-710, June 2015. (Revised September 2017.)
      • June 2015
      • Article

      Standard-Essential Patents

      By: Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole
      A major policy issue in standard setting is that patents that are ex-ante not that important may, by being included into the standard, become standard-essential patents (SEPs). In an attempt to curb the monopoly power that they create, most standard-setting... View Details
      Keywords: Patents; Policy; Standards
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      Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole. "Standard-Essential Patents." Journal of Political Economy 123, no. 3 (June 2015): 547–586.
      • May 2015 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      Generating Higher Value at IBM (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004-2013, during which IBM returned more than $140B to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam... View Details
      Keywords: Dividends; Share Repurchases; Earnings Guidance; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Ratios; Payout Policy; Earnings Per Share (EPS); Earnings Management; Change Management; Leadership; Transformation; Financial Strategy
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Generating Higher Value at IBM (A)." Harvard Business School Case 215-058, May 2015. (Revised September 2017.)
      • 2015
      • Book

      Economic Analysis of the Digital Economy

      By: Avi Goldfarb, Shane Greenstein and Catherine Tucker
      As the cost of storing, sharing, and analyzing data has decreased, economic activity has become increasingly digital. But while the effects of digital technology and improved digital communication have been explored in a variety of contexts, the impact on economic... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Economics
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      Goldfarb, Avi, Shane Greenstein and Catherine Tucker, eds. Economic Analysis of the Digital Economy. University of Chicago Press, 2015.
      • November 2014
      • Teaching Note

      American Airlines in 2011

      By: Willy Shih
      The American Airlines in 2011 case set was developed to provide a setting for the comparative analysis of two very different business models in the U.S. domestic airline industry—the network carrier and the low cost carrier (LCC). These models offer very different... View Details
      Keywords: American Airlines; Network Carrier; Low-cost Carrier; LCC; Air Transportation; Business Model; Restructuring; Adaptation; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Transportation Industry; United States
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      Shih, Willy. "American Airlines in 2011." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-012, November 2014.
      • October 2014 (Revised August 2018)
      • Case

      Caesars Entertainment

      By: Janice H. Hammond and Aldo Sesia
      This case describes the introduction of a regression analysis model for forecasting guest arrivals to Caesars Palace hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. The company will use the forecast to staff the front desk in the hotel. The staff is unionized and the company has little... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting; Staffing; Gaming; Gaming Industry; Hotel Industry; Decision Making; Forecasting and Prediction; Human Resources; Selection and Staffing; Entertainment; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Operations; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Accommodations Industry; Travel Industry; Tourism Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Las Vegas
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      Hammond, Janice H., and Aldo Sesia. "Caesars Entertainment." Harvard Business School Case 615-031, October 2014. (Revised August 2018.)
      • July 2014 (Revised November 2015)
      • Case

      American Airlines in 2011

      By: Willy Shih
      The American Airlines in 2011 case was developed to provide a setting for the comparative analysis of two very different business models in the U.S. domestic airline industry—the network carrier and the low cost carrier (LCC). These models offer very different value... View Details
      Keywords: American Airlines; Network Carrier; Low-cost Carrier; LCC; Business Model; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Disruption; Transportation Industry; Travel Industry; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Shih, Willy. "American Airlines in 2011." Harvard Business School Case 615-009, July 2014. (Revised November 2015.)
      • Summer 2014
      • Article

      When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Hanna Halaburda
      We present a theory for why it might be rational for a platform to limit the number of applications available on it. Our model is based on the observation that even if users prefer application variety, applications often also exhibit direct network effects. When there... View Details
      Keywords: Platform Governance; Direct Network Effects; Indirect Network Effects; Complements; Tragedy Of The Commons; Equilibrium Selection; Coordination; Foresight; Strategy; Value Creation; Digital Platforms; Balance and Stability; Decision Choices and Conditions; Consumer Behavior; Applications and Software; Network Effects
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Hanna Halaburda. "When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?" Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 23, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 259–293.
      • April 2014
      • Teaching Note

      Conjoint Analysis: Online Tutorial

      By: Elie Ofek and Olivier Toubia
      This teaching note is intended to assist instructors who plan to use the Conjoint Analysis: Online Tutorial (514-712) as part of a course or program of study. Pedagogically, the teaching note provides an overview of the Conjoint Analysis: Online Tutorial, the key... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Marketing
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      Ofek, Elie, and Olivier Toubia. "Conjoint Analysis: Online Tutorial." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 514-124, April 2014.
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Bio-Piracy or Prospering Together? Fuzzy Set and Qualitative Analysis of Herbal Patenting by Firms

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury and Tarun Khanna
      Since the 1990s, several Western firms have filed patents based on medicinal herbs from emerging markets, evoking protests from local stakeholders against 'bio-piracy'. We explore conditions under which firms and local stakeholders share rents from such patents. Our... View Details
      Keywords: Rents From New Technology; Local Stakeholders; Herbal Patents; QCA; Fuzzy Set Analysis; Qualitative Case Studies; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Patents; Emerging Markets; Health Care and Treatment; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, and Tarun Khanna. "Bio-Piracy or Prospering Together? Fuzzy Set and Qualitative Analysis of Herbal Patenting by Firms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-081, February 2014.
      • January 2014 (Revised April 2025)
      • Supplement

      The PGA Tour (B)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath

      In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details

      Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Adaptation; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 714-443, January 2014. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2014 (Revised April 2025)
      • Supplement

      The PGA Tour (C)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath

      In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details
      Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Adaptation; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 714-444, January 2014. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2014 (Revised April 2025)
      • Supplement

      The PGA Tour (D)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath

      In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details

      Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Adaptation; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (D)." Harvard Business School Supplement 714-445, January 2014. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2014 (Revised April 2025)
      • Supplement

      The PGA Tour (E)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath

      In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details

      Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Adaptation; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (E)." Harvard Business School Supplement 714-446, January 2014. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2014 (Revised April 2025)
      • Supplement

      The PGA Tour (F)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath

      In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details

      Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Adaptation; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (F)." Harvard Business School Supplement 714-447, January 2014. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2014 (Revised August 2017)
      • Case

      StepSmart Fitness

      By: Robert J. Dolan, Benson P. Shapiro and Alisa Zalosh
      StepSmart Fitness, a manufacturer of exercise equipment, is undergoing a sweeping reorganization. The new CEO has terminated the District Sales Director and Regional VP and promoted 30-year-old Benjamin Cooper to manage the underperforming New England district. A... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Restructuring; Salesforce Management; Management Succession; Performance Improvement; Manufacturing Industry; Sports Industry; New England
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      Dolan, Robert J., Benson P. Shapiro, and Alisa Zalosh. "StepSmart Fitness." Harvard Business School Brief Case 914-509, January 2014. (Revised August 2017.)
      • December 2013 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      The PGA Tour (A)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath

      In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details

      Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Competition; Adaptation; Monopoly; Globalization; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
      Citation
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (A)." Harvard Business School Case 714-442, December 2013. (Revised April 2025.)
      • September–October 2013
      • Article

      Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization

      By: Adam M. Kleinbaum, Toby E. Stuart and Michael Tushman
      Homophily in social relations results from both individual preferences and selective opportunities for interaction, but how these two mechanisms interact in large, contemporary organizations is not well understood. We argue that organizational structures and geography... View Details
      Keywords: Familiarity; Interpersonal Communication; Information Technology; Organizational Structure; Social and Collaborative Networks; Gender; Information Technology Industry
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      Kleinbaum, Adam M., Toby E. Stuart, and Michael Tushman. "Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization." Organization Science 24, no. 5 (September–October 2013): 1316–1336.
      • September 21, 2013
      • Other Article

      Redefining Global Health-care Delivery

      By: Jim Yong Kim, Paul E. Farmer and Michael E. Porter
      Initiatives to address the unmet needs of those facing both poverty and serious illness have expanded significantly over the past decade. But many of them are designed in an ad-hoc manner to address one health problem among many; they are too rarely assessed; best... View Details
      Keywords: Health
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      Kim, Jim Yong, Paul E. Farmer, and Michael E. Porter. "Redefining Global Health-care Delivery." Lancet 382, no. 9897 (September 21, 2013).
      • April 2013
      • Article

      Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
      This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model Innovation; Imitation; Sponsor-based Business Model; Strategic Revelation; Strategic Concealment; Business Model; Innovation and Invention; Price; Competitive Strategy; Adoption; Value; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Product; Customers; Market Entry and Exit; Monopoly
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
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