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      • 2023
      • Book

      Precarious Ties: Business and the State in Authoritarian Asia

      By: Meg Rithmire
      Developing Asia has been the site of some of the last century's fastest growing economies as well as some of the world's most durable authoritarian regimes. Many accounts of rapid growth alongside monopolies on political power have focused on crony relationships... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Systems; Crime and Corruption; China; Indonesia; Malaysia
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      Rithmire, Meg. Precarious Ties: Business and the State in Authoritarian Asia. Oxford University Press, 2023.
      • July 2023 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      India Stack: Digital Public Infrastructure for All

      By: Tarun Khanna, Anjali Raina and Rachna Chawla
      Amitabh Kant, India Sherpa in the year of India's G20 Presidency, and Nandan Nilekani iconic tech entrepreneur wondered how to share India's model of digital public infrastructure to build social and economic inclusion. 'India Stack', the umbrella term for India's DPI... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Transformation; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Asia; South Asia; India
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      Khanna, Tarun, Anjali Raina, and Rachna Chawla. "India Stack: Digital Public Infrastructure for All." Harvard Business School Case 724-371, July 2023. (Revised May 2024.)
      • July 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Clair

      By: Lauren Cohen, Grace Headinger and Marcos Quirno
      Clair was founded with a simple mission: to expedite America’s workers access to their hard-earned wages. In the headwinds of the COVID-19 pandemic, the startup had successfully raised a seed round of $4.5 million, and within two years the earned wage access (EWA)... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Ewa; Lending; Technology; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Social Enterprise; Business Strategy; Business Model; Mission and Purpose; Venture Capital; Profit; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Grace Headinger, and Marcos Quirno. "Clair." Harvard Business School Case 224-015, July 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • June 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Agricultural Revolution without a Land Revolution: The Megafarms of CP Group

      By: William C. Kirby and Noah B. Truwit
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 316-150. The case introduces students to an innovative new agricultural venture on the outskirts of Beijing. It can be used as a platform to discuss broader issues of agricultural policy reform and regional disparities in social and... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Policy; Economic Growth; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Thailand
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      Kirby, William C., and Noah B. Truwit. "Agricultural Revolution without a Land Revolution: The Megafarms of CP Group." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 323-121, June 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Article

      National Customer Orientation: An Empirical Test across 112 Countries

      By: Ofer Mintz, Imran S. Currim and Rohit Deshpandé
      Customer orientation is a central tenet of marketing. However, less is known about how customer orientation varies across countries and time. Mintz, Currim, and Deshpandé (Eur. J. Mark., 56: 1014–1041, 2022) propose a country-level construct, national customer... View Details
      Keywords: Global Range; Customer Focus and Relationships
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      Mintz, Ofer, Imran S. Currim, and Rohit Deshpandé. "National Customer Orientation: An Empirical Test across 112 Countries." Marketing Letters 34, no. 2 (June 2023): 189–204.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators

      By: Benjamin Jakubowski, Siram Somanchi, Edward McFowland III and Daniel B. Neill
      Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are widely used to estimate causal effects in the absence of a randomized experiment. However, standard approaches to RD analysis face two significant limitations. First, they require a priori knowledge of discontinuities in... View Details
      Keywords: Regression Discontinuity Design; Analytics and Data Science; AI and Machine Learning
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      Jakubowski, Benjamin, Siram Somanchi, Edward McFowland III, and Daniel B. Neill. "Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators." Journal of Machine Learning Research 24, no. 133 (2023): 1–57.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Causes and Consequences of State Violence against Civilians: The Rohingya of Myanmar

      By: C. Austin Davis, Paula Lopez-Pena, A. Mushfiq Mobarak and Jaya Wen
      The Rohingya crisis is a severe, ongoing conflict involving large-scale violence and forced displacement, yet its causes are contested and its consequences lack systematic documentation. We marshal a variety of existing and original data to shed light on its drivers,... View Details
      Keywords: War; Conflict and Resolution; Motivation and Incentives; Developing Countries and Economies; Myanmar
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      Davis, C. Austin, Paula Lopez-Pena, A. Mushfiq Mobarak, and Jaya Wen. "Causes and Consequences of State Violence against Civilians: The Rohingya of Myanmar." Working Paper, August 2023.
      • March 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      Nigeria: Africa's Giant

      By: Marlous van Waijenburg
      "Nigeria: Africa’s Giant" delves into the economic development and state building record of Africa’s most populous country. Despite being one of the continent’s largest oil-exporters, Nigeria’s economy has been struggling, and poverty is widespread. The country’s... View Details
      Keywords: Crime and Corruption; Developing Countries and Economies; Government Administration; Poverty; Africa; Nigeria
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      van Waijenburg, Marlous. "Nigeria: Africa's Giant." Harvard Business School Case 723-056, March 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • March 2023 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Tribal Councils Investment Group of Manitoba Ltd.

      By: David L. Ager
      In the Fall of 2014, Heather Berthelette, the recently appointed COO of Tribal Councils Investment Group of Manitoba Ltd. (TCIG), was preparing a recommendation to the Board of Directors about whether to dissolve the company and return any remaining funds to the seven... View Details
      Keywords: Indigenous Communities; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Social Enterprise; Economic Growth; Investment Banking; Canada
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      Ager, David L. "Tribal Councils Investment Group of Manitoba Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 923-301, March 2023. (Revised May 2023.)
      • 2023
      • Article

      Bridging the Gap with the ‘New’ Economic History of Africa

      By: Ewout Frankema and Marlous van Waijenburg
      This review article seeks to build bridges between mainstream African history and the more historically oriented branch of the ‘new’ economic history of Africa. We survey four central topics of the new economic history of Africa—growth, trade, labor, and inequality—and... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Growth; Trade; Labor; Equality and Inequality; Development Economics; History; Africa
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      Frankema, Ewout, and Marlous van Waijenburg. "Bridging the Gap with the ‘New’ Economic History of Africa." Journal of African History 64, no. 1 (2023): 38–61.
      • February 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Helsinki, Finland

      By: Martin A. Sinozich, Lena Duchene, Tonia Labruyere and Daniela Beyersdorfer
      This case examines the challenges and opportunities of doing business in Finland. It highlights Finland's economic transformation in the decades leading up to 2024 in the context of its history, culture, and politics. The case gives an overview of some of the main... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Business and Government Relations; Corporate Strategy; Research and Development; Foreign Direct Investment; Crisis Management; Culture; Environmental Sustainability; International Relations; Food and Beverage Industry; Finland; Europe
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      Sinozich, Martin A., Lena Duchene, Tonia Labruyere, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "Doing Business in Helsinki, Finland." Harvard Business School Case 323-079, February 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil

      By: Hise O. Gibson, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas and Pedro Levindo
      The case uses the example of a large investment made by French retail group Carrefour in Brazil to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing business in the country. It gives readers an overview of Brazil’s economic transformation since its colonial years until... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; Brazil; Latin America
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      Gibson, Hise O., Leonard A. Schlesinger, Ruth Costas, and Pedro Levindo. "Doing Business in São Paulo, Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 323-084, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Santiago, Chile

      By: Willis Emmons, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Ruth Costas
      The case uses the example of the opening of the first IKEA furniture store in Chile – which is operated by Chilean group Falabella – to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing business in the country. It gives readers an overview of Chile’s economic... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; Chile; Latin America
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      Emmons, Willis, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Ruth Costas. "Doing Business in Santiago, Chile." Harvard Business School Case 323-085, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • February 2023 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Seoul, South Korea

      By: Sara Fleiss, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Bonnie Yining Cao and Dawn H. Lau
      This case examines the challenges and opportunities of doing business in Seoul, South Korea. It highlights South Korea's economic development in the decades leading up to 2024 in the context of its history, culture, and politics. View Details
      Keywords: Emerging Markets; Strategy; Management; Social Enterprise; Technology Industry; Consulting Industry; South Korea; United States
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      Fleiss, Sara, Leonard A. Schlesinger, Bonnie Yining Cao, and Dawn H. Lau. "Doing Business in Seoul, South Korea." Harvard Business School Case 323-091, February 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
      • February 2023 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in New Delhi, India

      By: Vikram S Gandhi and Radhika Kak
      The case uses the example of Tata Motors to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing business in India. View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; India
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Radhika Kak. "Doing Business in New Delhi, India." Harvard Business School Case 323-083, February 2023. (Revised February 2025.)
      • February 2023
      • Module Note

      Illiberalism and Interdependence

      By: Meg Rithmire
      This module note explains the themes of Illiberalism and Interdependence, the cases and readings used to teach these themes, and how the themes fit into the MITI course. After decades of international political economy scholarship focusing on the impact of rules, there... View Details
      Keywords: International Relations; Globalized Economies and Regions; Business and Government Relations; National Security; Economic Systems
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      Rithmire, Meg. "Illiberalism and Interdependence." Harvard Business School Module Note 723-032, February 2023.
      • February 2023
      • Case

      Roblox: Virtual Commerce in the Metaverse

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In 2022, Roblox had 58.8 million daily active users, including over half of all children and teens under the age of 16 in the United States. Roblox, a free-to-use “co-experience platform”, allowed users to come together in immersive 3D experiences to socialize, work,... View Details
      Keywords: Entertainment; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Market Design; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Business Strategy; Economics; Economy; Economic Systems; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Digital Platforms; Markets; Price; Innovation and Management; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Video Game Industry; Technology Industry; United States; California; North America; South America; Asia; Europe
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Roblox: Virtual Commerce in the Metaverse." Harvard Business School Case 523-028, February 2023.
      • February 2023 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      CalPERS Private Equity 2.0

      By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Alys Ferragamo
      Yup Kim, the Head of Investments, Private Equity at the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS), reflected on the pension fund’s private equity strategy. In July of 2022, the fund was in the midst of a multi-year turnaround strategy with the goal to... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Investment Portfolio; Retirement; Leadership; Strategy; Public Sector
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      Lerner, Josh, John D. Dionne, and Alys Ferragamo. "CalPERS Private Equity 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 223-048, February 2023. (Revised May 2023.)
      • January 2023
      • Case

      Natura: Weathering the Pandemic at Brazil's Cosmetic Giant

      By: Brian Trelstad, Pedro Levindo and Carla Larangeira
      Brazil's Natura, a multi-brand cosmetics group, has taken several measures to safeguard the livelihoods of its thousands of employees and millions of sales representatives during the COVID-19 health and economic crisis. The company has also made strides in its efforts... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; ESG Reporting; Acquisition; Customer Focus and Relationships; Decision Making; Social Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Global Strategy; Corporate Governance; Health Pandemics; Human Resources; Human Capital; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing; Distribution Channels; Supply Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Customer Ownership; Relationships; Business and Community Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Networks; Partners and Partnerships; Science-Based Business; Reputation; Human Needs; Social Issues; Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Brazil; Latin America
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      Trelstad, Brian, Pedro Levindo, and Carla Larangeira. "Natura: Weathering the Pandemic at Brazil's Cosmetic Giant." Harvard Business School Case 323-065, January 2023.
      • January 2023 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Adams + Beasley Associates

      By: Dennis Campbell and Iuliana Mogosanu
      This case illustrates how a strong culture, founder-led SME designed and used a unique performance metric—the job security index—to manage through periods of economic uncertainty. The case centers specifically on how the job security index was used in an interactive... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Measurement and Metrics; Employee Ownership; Risk and Uncertainty; Small Business; Leadership; Organizational Culture
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      Campbell, Dennis, and Iuliana Mogosanu. "Adams + Beasley Associates." Harvard Business School Case 123-051, January 2023. (Revised June 2024.)
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