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    • All HBS Web  (4,601)
      • Faculty Publications  (1,208)

      DigitizationRemove Digitization →

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      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      Where do the Most Active Customers Originate and How Can Firms Keep Them Engaged?

      By: Clarence Lee, E. Ofek and Thomas Steenburgh
      In this paper, we study how firms offering Web services can acquire and develop an active customer base. We focus on two basic questions. First, how does the method of customer acquisition affect the way customers use the service to meet their own needs and to interact... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Engagement; Adoption Routes; Hidden Markov Models; Search; Word-of-Mouth; Digital Media; Customer Relationship Management; Internet and the Web; Mathematical Methods; Consumer Behavior; Entrepreneurship; Marketing Reference Programs; Web Services Industry
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      Lee, Clarence, E. Ofek, and Thomas Steenburgh. "Where do the Most Active Customers Originate and How Can Firms Keep Them Engaged?" Working Paper, 2013. (Revise and Resubmit at Management Science.)
      • June 2013 (Revised August 2013)
      • Case

      AVA.ph: Growing a Filipino E-Commerce Company

      By: William R. Kerr and Henry Motte-Munoz
      AVA is a three-year old e-commerce company in the Philippines. From its early start mimicking the Gilt Groupe concept of online flash sales, the company has grown into a broader e-commerce platform for local fashion commerce. Oliver Segovia needs to evaluate where AVA... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Business Growth and Maturation; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Growth and Development Strategy; Fashion Industry; Retail Industry; Philippines
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      Kerr, William R., and Henry Motte-Munoz. "AVA.ph: Growing a Filipino E-Commerce Company." Harvard Business School Case 813-188, June 2013. (Revised August 2013.)
      • 2013
      • Dissertation

      Designing Freemium: A Model of Consumer Usage, Upgrade, and Referral Dynamics

      By: Clarence Lee, Vineet Kumar and Sunil Gupta
      Abstract. Over the past decade "freemium" (free + premium) has become the dominant business model among internet start-ups for its ability to acquire and monetize a large install-base with limited marketing resources. Freemium is a hybrid strategy where a firm offers... View Details
      Keywords: Discrete-Continuous Choice Dynamic Structural Models; Bayesian Estimation; Word-of-Mouth; Digital Services; Freemium; Entrepreneurship; Business Model; Motivation and Incentives; Marketing Strategy; Internet and the Web; Consumer Behavior; Marketing Reference Programs; Business Startups
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      Lee, Clarence, Vineet Kumar, and Sunil Gupta. "Designing Freemium: A Model of Consumer Usage, Upgrade, and Referral Dynamics." Diss., Harvard Business School, 2013. (Job Market Paper.)
      • April 2013 (Revised June 2018)
      • Teaching Note

      Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google 2018

      By: John Deighton and Leora Kornfeld
      Keywords: Amazon; Apple; Facebook; Google; Online Platforms; Marketing; E-commerce; Digital Platforms; Digital Marketing
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      Deighton, John, and Leora Kornfeld. "Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google 2018." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 513-100, April 2013. (Revised June 2018.)
      • April 2013 (Revised October 2013)
      • Case

      National Instruments

      By: Lynda M. Applegate, Keri Pearlson and Natalie Kindred
      This case explores the use of social media to support product design, customer support, marketing and HR activities at National Instruments (NI). Based in Austin, Texas, with over $1 billion in 2011 sales, NI designs, produces, and sells software and hardware platforms... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Applications and Software; Organizational Culture; Technological Innovation; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Management; Media; Management Systems; Social and Collaborative Networks; Information Technology Industry; Service Industry; Texas
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      Applegate, Lynda M., Keri Pearlson, and Natalie Kindred. "National Instruments." Harvard Business School Case 813-001, April 2013. (Revised October 2013.)
      • 2013
      • Book

      The Economics of Digitization

      By: Shane Greenstein, Avi Goldfarb and Catherine Tucker
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      Greenstein, Shane, Avi Goldfarb and Catherine Tucker, eds. The Economics of Digitization. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.
      • March 2013
      • Case

      Grupo ABC and Nizan Guanaes's Path from Brazil to the World

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Gustavo Herrero and Ricardo Reisen De Pinho
      Internationally recognized Brazilian Nizan Guanaes, co-founder of Grupo ABC, a rapidly growing global advertising firm ranked 18th in 2011, had aspirations to be in the top 10 by 2015. Grupo ABC thrived by identifying national (Brazilian) challenges and incorporating... View Details
      Keywords: Management; Global Business; Advertising Agency; Opportunities; Globalized Firms and Management; Advertising; Global Strategy; Business Strategy; Digital Marketing; Advertising Industry; Brazil
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Gustavo Herrero, and Ricardo Reisen De Pinho. "Grupo ABC and Nizan Guanaes's Path from Brazil to the World." Harvard Business School Case 313-095, March 2013.
      • March 2013 (Revised April 2014)
      • Case

      Barnes & Noble: Managing the E-Book Revolution

      By: Alan MacCormack, Brian Kimball Dunn and Chris F. Kemerer
      The case describes competition in the market for E-Books, and Barnes & Noble's Strategy in this industry. As a traditional retailer, B&N was challenged by the introduction of digital technologies that allow books to be published, distributed and sold to consumers... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Technology Strategy; Platform Competition; Innovation Strategy; Information Technology; Product Development; Digital Platforms; Standards; Disruptive Innovation; Retail Industry; Publishing Industry; North America
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      MacCormack, Alan, Brian Kimball Dunn, and Chris F. Kemerer. "Barnes & Noble: Managing the E-Book Revolution." Harvard Business School Case 613-073, March 2013. (Revised April 2014.)
      • 2013
      • Working Paper

      Do Display Ads Influence Search?: Attribution and Dynamics in Online Advertising

      By: Sunil Gupta
      As firms increasingly rely on online media to acquire consumers, marketing managers feel comfortable justifying higher online marketing spend by referring to online metrics such as click-through rate (CTR) and cost per acquisition (CPA). However, these standard online... View Details
      Keywords: Internet and the Web; Digital Marketing
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      Kireyev, Pavel, Koen Pauwels, and Sunil Gupta. "Do Display Ads Influence Search? Attribution and Dynamics in Online Advertising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-070, February 2013.
      • February 2013
      • Article

      Digitization, Innovation, and Copyright: What Is the Agenda?

      By: Shane Greenstein, Josh Lerner and Scott Stern
      This essay discusses the need for research on the consequences of digitization, as well as the impact of alternative policies governing the creation and use of digital information. This agenda focuses on the development of research to investigate the economics of... View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Research; Copyright; Information Management; Innovation and Invention
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      Greenstein, Shane, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern. "Digitization, Innovation, and Copyright: What Is the Agenda?" Strategic Organization 11, no. 1 (February 2013): 110–121.
      • December 2012 (Revised October 2022)
      • Case

      Plastiq

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang, Gaurav Jain, Liroy Haddad, Luke Langford and Matt Noble
      The young CEO of a venture-backed startup needs to figure out his go to market strategy and the right profile for his first key sales hires. Should he develop partnerships with channels that would provide leverage or build out a direct sales force? And should the sales... View Details
      Keywords: Payments; Sales; Channels; Credit Cards; Digital Platforms; Selection and Staffing; Cost vs Benefits; Salesforce Management; Marketing Channels; Business Startups; Business Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Partners and Partnerships; Management Systems
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Gaurav Jain, Liroy Haddad, Luke Langford, and Matt Noble. "Plastiq." Harvard Business School Case 813-125, December 2012. (Revised October 2022.)
      • December 2012 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      AmTran Technology Ltd.

      By: Willy Shih, Jyun-Cheng Wang and Karen E. Robinson
      As an original design manufacturer (ODM) of television sets and leading supplier to Vizio, a market leader in the U.S. for LCD flat panel TVs, AmTran Technology Ltd. uses what founder Alpha Wu describes as a "WE" model in which western companies perform sales,... View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Technology Transitions; Analog; Digital; Television; TV; Flat-panel; ATSC; NTSC; Video; Global Strategy; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Development; Product Design; Supply Chain; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Technology Adoption; Digital Platforms; Electronics Industry; Taiwan; United States; Japan
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      Shih, Willy, Jyun-Cheng Wang, and Karen E. Robinson. "AmTran Technology Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 613-069, December 2012. (Revised April 2025.)
      • December 2012 (Revised September 2022)
      • Case

      BabbaCo

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Gaurav Jain
      Having just raised a Series B financing, the case protagonist is faced with a tough decision: should she "step on the gas" and scale the customer base, or continue focusing on fine-tuning the product and business model. The case describes the various marketing channels... View Details
      Keywords: Subscription; Marketing; Scaling; Product-market Fit; Online Marketing; Customers; Decisions; Expansion; Marketing Channels; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Digital Marketing; Marketing Strategy
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Gaurav Jain. "BabbaCo." Harvard Business School Case 813-107, December 2012. (Revised September 2022.)
      • December 2012
      • Background Note

      Are Daily Deals Good for Merchants?

      By: Sunil Gupta, Timothy Keiningham, Ray Weaver and Luke Williams
      In the relatively short time since Groupon was founded, the response to "daily deals"—services that promote businesses by marketing deeply discounted, pre-paid vouchers to an online subscriber base—has by all accounts been spectacular. Our evaluation of daily deals is... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Technology; Business Strategy; Digital; Marketing Strategy; Web Services Industry
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      Gupta, Sunil, Timothy Keiningham, Ray Weaver, and Luke Williams. "Are Daily Deals Good for Merchants?" Harvard Business School Background Note 513-059, December 2012.
      • Winter 2013
      • Article

      The New Patent Intermediaries: Platforms, Defensive Aggregators and Super-Aggregators

      By: Andrei Hagiu and David B. Yoffie
      The patent market consists mainly of privately negotiated, bilateral transactions, either sales or cross-licenses, between large companies. There is no eBay, Amazon, New York Stock Exchange, or Kelley's Blue Book equivalent for patents, and when buyers and sellers do... View Details
      Keywords: Intellectual Property; Platforms; Intermediaries; Aggregator; Patents; Digital Platforms; Marketplace Matching; Distribution Channels
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      Hagiu, Andrei, and David B. Yoffie. "The New Patent Intermediaries: Platforms, Defensive Aggregators and Super-Aggregators." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 1 (Winter 2013): 45–66.
      • November 2012
      • Case

      Bonnier: Digitalizing the Media Business

      By: Lynda Applegate, Daniel Nylen, Jonny Holmstrom and Kalle Lyytinen
      The case follows leading Scandinavian media company Bonnier as it establishes a designated R&D division for the first time. The case, in particular, focuses on its first flagship project, called Mag+, in which it creates a digital platform for publishing digital... View Details
      Keywords: Media And Publishing; Media; Publishing Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda, Daniel Nylen, Jonny Holmstrom, and Kalle Lyytinen. "Bonnier: Digitalizing the Media Business." Harvard Business School Case 813-073, November 2012.
      • November 2012 (Revised February 2013)
      • Teaching Note

      Bonnier: Digitalizing the Media Business (TN)

      By: Lynda Applegate, Daniel Nylen, Jonny Holmstrom and Kalle Lyytinen
      Keywords: Media And Publishing; Media; Publishing Industry
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      Applegate, Lynda, Daniel Nylen, Jonny Holmstrom, and Kalle Lyytinen. "Bonnier: Digitalizing the Media Business (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 813-076, November 2012. (Revised February 2013.)
      • November 2012 (Revised May 2013)
      • Case

      ASUSTeK and the Google Nexus 7 Tablet

      By: Willy C. Shih and Jyun-Cheng Wang
      Days after Jerry Shen introduced a new tablet computer at the Consumer Electronics Show, a Google meeting convinced him to go with a lower price point and co-branding as the Nexus 7. While his company would have a premier position at launch, companies like Samsung... View Details
      Keywords: Nexus; Google; ASUSTeK; Android; Tablet; Kindle; Kindle Fire; Notebook Computers; ODM; Apple; Price Point; App Store; Ecosystem; Open Handset Alliance; Reference Design; iPad; EMS; Electronic Manufacturing Services; Smartphone; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Industry Structures; Product Design; Product Development; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Internet and the Web; Computer Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Taiwan; United States
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      Shih, Willy C., and Jyun-Cheng Wang. "ASUSTeK and the Google Nexus 7 Tablet." Harvard Business School Case 613-056, November 2012. (Revised May 2013.)
      • November 2012 (Revised August 2013)
      • Supplement

      Global Unichip Corporation (B)

      By: Willy Shih and Chen-Fu Chien
      Jim Lai, President of Global Unichip Corporation (GUC), mapped out the changes he saw coming to the global semiconductor industry. The big question was how many system developers would start coming directly to GUC. View Details
      Keywords: Abstraction; Value-network; Vertical Integration; Entry Barriers; Intermediaries; Dis-intermediation; Aggregator; Vertical Specialization; Technology Adoption; Digital Platforms; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Integration; Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Industry Structures; Information Infrastructure; Information Technology; Complexity; Semiconductor Industry; Technology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Taiwan
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      Shih, Willy, and Chen-Fu Chien. "Global Unichip Corporation (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 613-049, November 2012. (Revised August 2013.)
      • October 2012 (Revised August 2013)
      • Case

      Global Unichip Corporation (A)

      By: Willy Shih and Chen-Fu Chien
      Global Unichip Corporation (GUC) is a design services company that acts as a front-end to TSMC, the world's largest semiconductor foundry. In so doing, it masked the complexity of the latest process technologies, and reduced the entry barriers for small firms to... View Details
      Keywords: Abstraction; Value-network; Entry Barriers; Intermediaries; Dis-intermediation; Aggregator; Vertical Specialization; Technology Adoption; Digital Platforms; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Horizontal Integration; Vertical Integration; Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Industry Structures; Information Infrastructure; Complexity; Information Technology; Semiconductor Industry; Technology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Taiwan
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      Shih, Willy, and Chen-Fu Chien. "Global Unichip Corporation (A)." Harvard Business School Case 613-048, October 2012. (Revised August 2013.)
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