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  • All HBS Web  (854)
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← Page 4 of 854 Results →
  • 2004
  • Working Paper

Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code

By: Alan MacCormack, John Rusnak and Carliss Y. Baldwin
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MacCormack, Alan, John Rusnak, and Carliss Y. Baldwin. "Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 05-016, October 2004. (Revised 3/06.)
  • 1 Apr 2005 - 4 Apr 2005
  • Conference Presentation

Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code

By: Alan MacCormack
Keywords: Applications and Software; Product Design; Complexity
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MacCormack, Alan. "Exploring the Structure of Complex Software Designs: An Empirical Study of Open Source and Proprietary Code." Paper presented at the Wharton Technology Conference, Philadelphia, PA, April 01–04, 2005.
  • July 2006
  • Article

The Architecture of Participation: Does Code Architecture Mitigate Free Riding in the Open Source Development Model?

By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark
Keywords: Design; Information Technology; Internet and the Web
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Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Kim B. Clark. "The Architecture of Participation: Does Code Architecture Mitigate Free Riding in the Open Source Development Model?" Management Science 52, no. 7 (July 2006).
  • 11 Jun 2006 - 13 Jun 2006
  • Conference Presentation

Exploring the Links Between Product and Organizational Architectures: An Empirical Study of Open and Closed Source Software

By: Alan MacCormack
Keywords: Product Design; Organizational Structure; Software
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MacCormack, Alan. "Exploring the Links Between Product and Organizational Architectures: An Empirical Study of Open and Closed Source Software." Paper presented at the International Product Development Management Conference, Milan, Italy, June 11–13, 2006.
  • 19 Mar 2018
  • Video

Welcome to Open Knowledge

  • March 2008 (Revised August 2009)
  • Case

Linden Lab: Opening Second Life

By: Thomas R. Eisenmann and Alison Berkley Wagonfeld
In early 2008, managers in Linden Lab, creator of the virtual world Second Life, faced decisions about the company's strategy. Despite profound initial skepticism about demand for a user-generated virtual world that was not a traditional game, Second Life had achieved... View Details
Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Entrepreneurship; Growth and Development Strategy; Open Source Distribution; Partners and Partnerships; Software
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Eisenmann, Thomas R., and Alison Berkley Wagonfeld. "Linden Lab: Opening Second Life." Harvard Business School Case 808-114, March 2008. (Revised August 2009.)
  • 2020
  • Article

Why Do User Communities Matter for Strategy?

By: Sonali K. Shah and Frank Nagle
In this essay, we explore how strategic management research and practice could benefit from considering the benefits and challenges obtainable through working with user communities. User communities represent a unique organizing structure for the exchange of ideas and... View Details
Keywords: User Communities; Innovation; Open Source; Collaboration; Cooperative Strategy; Knowledge Sharing; Strategy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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Shah, Sonali K., and Frank Nagle. "Why Do User Communities Matter for Strategy?" Special Issue on Open Innovation. Strategic Management Review 1, no. 2 (2020): 305–353.
  • November 2021
  • Article

Digital Infrastructure Is More Than Just Broadband: What the U.S. Can Learn from Europe's Open Source Technology policy study

By: Frank Nagle
Keywords: Technological Innovation; Infrastructure; Open Source Distribution; Economic Growth; United States; European Union
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Nagle, Frank. "Digital Infrastructure Is More Than Just Broadband: What the U.S. Can Learn from Europe's Open Source Technology policy study." Brookings Series: Reimagining Modern-day Markets and Regulations (November 2021).
  • 07 Feb 2007
  • Working Paper Summaries

The Value of Openness in Scientific Problem Solving

Keywords: by Karim R. Lakhani, Lars Bo Jeppesen, Peter A. Lohse & Jill A. Panetta
  • May 2014
  • Article

Digital Dark Matter and the Economic Contribution of Apache

By: Shane Greenstein and Frank Nagle
Researchers have long hypothesized that research outputs from government, university, and private company R&D contribute to economic growth, but these contributions may be difficult to measure when they take a non-pecuniary form. The growth of networking devices and... View Details
Keywords: Open Source; Apache; Economic Measurement; Digital Economics; Measurement and Metrics; Open Source Distribution; Internet and the Web; Information Technology; Applications and Software; Economic Growth; Research and Development; Web Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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Greenstein, Shane, and Frank Nagle. "Digital Dark Matter and the Economic Contribution of Apache." Research Policy 43, no. 4 (May 2014): 623–631. (Lead Article.)
  • Article

Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis

By: Alan MacCormack, Carliss Y. Baldwin and John Rusnak
A variety of academic studies argue that a relationship exists between the structure of an organization and the design of the products that the organization produces. Specifically, products tend to "mirror" the architectures of the organizations in which they are... View Details
Keywords: Organization Design; Architecture; Modularity; Open Source Software; Communication; Design; Governance; Management Practices and Processes; Open Source Distribution; Product Design; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Structure; Performance; Problems and Challenges; Behavior; Software
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MacCormack, Alan, Carliss Y. Baldwin, and John Rusnak. "Exploring the Duality Between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the 'Mirroring' Hypothesis." Research Policy 41, no. 8 (October 2012): 1309–1324.
  • 2025
  • Working Paper

Generative AI and the Nature of Work

By: Manuel Hoffmann, Sam Boysel, Frank Nagle, Sida Peng and Kevin Xu
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology demonstrate a considerable potential to complement human capital intensive activities. While an emerging literature documents wide-ranging productivity effects of AI, relatively little attention has been paid... View Details
Keywords: Generative Ai; Digital Work; Open Source Software; Knowledge Economy; AI and Machine Learning; Open Source Distribution; Organizational Structure; Performance Productivity; Labor
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Hoffmann, Manuel, Sam Boysel, Frank Nagle, Sida Peng, and Kevin Xu. "Generative AI and the Nature of Work." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-021, October 2024. (Revised April 2025.)
  • 2024
  • Working Paper

Open Devices and Slices: Evidence from Wi-Fi Equipment

By: Do Yoon Kim, Roberto Fontana and Shane Greenstein
Prior studies suggest that openness shapes the introduction of new products. This study collects novel data on all routers and subcomponents introduced between 2000 and 2018. We characterize each firm's position in a supply chain as upstream component providers... View Details
Keywords: Open Source Distribution; Product Development; Supply Chain
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Kim, Do Yoon, Roberto Fontana, and Shane Greenstein. "Open Devices and Slices: Evidence from Wi-Fi Equipment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-045, January 2024.
  • 06 Jun 2005
  • Research & Ideas

Microsoft vs. Open Source: Who Will Win?

Want to get a heated debate going among technologists? Ask them this question: Can the open source software movement defeat (or severely cripple) Microsoft in the marketplace? With little academic attention... View Details
Keywords: by Sean Silverthorne; Technology
  • 18 Apr 2019
  • Research & Ideas

Open Innovation Contestants Build AI-Based Cancer Tool

electronic health records. Lagace: Looking to the future, what other challenges, medical or otherwise, could open source innovation help with? LISH team: LISH has collaborated with elite scientific... View Details
Keywords: by Martha Lagace; Health; Medical Devices & Supplies
  • July 13, 2023
  • Article

Threads Foreshadows a Big—and Surprising—Shift in Social Media

By: Scott Duke Kominers and Liang Wu
Threads, Meta’s Twitter competitor, has become the fastest downloaded app in history. One of the reasons for this is because it allows users to port over their profiles and follows from the already popular social media platform Instagram, also owned by Meta—a feature... View Details
Keywords: Decentralization; Twitter; Facebook; Instagram; Crypto Economy; Blockchain; Network; Industrial Organization; Competition; Open Innovation; Open Platforms; Open Source Innovation; Social Networks; Social Media; Applications and Software; Information Technology Industry
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Kominers, Scott Duke, and Liang Wu. "Threads Foreshadows a Big—and Surprising—Shift in Social Media." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (July 13, 2023).
  • September 2, 2021
  • Article

The Digital Economy Runs on Open Source. Here's How to Protect It.

By: Hila Lifshitz-Assaf and Frank Nagle
Free and open source software (FOSS) is essential to much of the tech we use every day—from cars to phones to planes to the cloud. While traditionally, it was developed by an army of volunteer developers and given away for free, companies are increasingly taking a more... View Details
Keywords: Free And Open-source Software; FOSS; Open Source Distribution; Applications and Software; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Organizations; Policy; Cybersecurity
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Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila, and Frank Nagle. "The Digital Economy Runs on Open Source. Here's How to Protect It." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (September 2, 2021).
  • 13 Mar 2009
  • News

Historical Collections Exhibit Examines Role of Primary Source Materials in Scholarly Research

  • Fast Answer

Government data and information sources for public entrepreneurship

Municipal, local and national level financial data, demographics and market information sources to inform and support public sector entrepreneurship  Where can I find government data (federal, municipal, city, etc.)? Lists... View Details
  • 16 Jul 2012
  • Working Paper Summaries

Selection, Reallocation, and Spillover: Identifying the Sources of Gains from Multinational Production

Keywords: by Laura Alfaro & Maggie X. Chen
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