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      • February 2024
      • Article

      Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials

      By: Marcella Alsan, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein and Heidi L. Williams
      This article examines the consequences and causes of low enrollment of Black patients in clinical trials. We develop a simple model of similarity-based extrapolation that predicts that evidence is more relevant for decision-making by physicians and patients when it... View Details
      Keywords: Representation; Racial Disparity; Health Testing and Trials; Race; Equality and Inequality; Innovation and Invention; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Alsan, Marcella, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein, and Heidi L. Williams. "Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials." Quarterly Journal of Economics 139, no. 1 (February 2024): 575–635.
      • January 2024 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Equal Justice Initiative: Mercy, Truth and Dignity

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan, Gerald Chertavian and Brittany Logan
      In 1989, the Equal Justice Initiative was established as a non-profit, public interest law firm by Harvard Law School graduate, Bryan Stevenson.

      EJI provides legal assistance to condemned prisoners, people wrongly convicted or unfairly sentenced, children in... View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Nonprofit Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Growth and Development Strategy; Social Issues; Race
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, Gerald Chertavian, and Brittany Logan. "Equal Justice Initiative: Mercy, Truth and Dignity." Harvard Business School Case 524-055, January 2024. (Revised June 2024.)
      • January 2024 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      Essex County Community Foundation: Pivot to Systems Philanthropy

      By: V. Kasturi Rangan, Brian Trelstad and Courtney Han
      2023 marked five years of the Essex County Community Foundation (ECCF)’s “systems philanthropy” approach to grantmaking. Located in northeastern Massachusetts, the community foundation served 800,000 residents across 34 cities and towns that varied widely by... View Details
      Keywords: Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Reputation; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Alignment; Nonprofit Organizations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Leading Change; Massachusetts
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      Rangan, V. Kasturi, Brian Trelstad, and Courtney Han. "Essex County Community Foundation: Pivot to Systems Philanthropy." Harvard Business School Case 524-066, January 2024. (Revised August 2024.)
      • January 2024
      • Supplement

      Winning Business at Russell Reynolds

      By: Ethan Bernstein and Cara Mazzucco
      In an effort to make compensation drive collaboration, Russell Reynolds Associates’ (RRA) CEO Clarke Murphy sought to re-engineer the bonus system for his executive search consultants in 2016. As his HR analytics guru, Kelly Smith, points out, that risks upsetting—and... View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Talent and Talent Management; Compensation and Benefits; Growth and Development Strategy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Performance Evaluation; Motivation and Incentives; Consulting Industry
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      Bernstein, Ethan, and Cara Mazzucco. "Winning Business at Russell Reynolds." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 424-704, January 2024.
      • January 2024 (Revised June 2024)
      • Supplement

      School of Rock: Tuning into Structured Empowerment (B)

      By: Tatiana Sandino, Jeffrey Rayport, Samuel Grad and Stacy Straaberg
      In September 2022, Price and his team evaluated the past year’s strategies to increase Method App adoption and discussed new initiatives to consider. View Details
      Keywords: Business Strategy; Technology Adoption; Education Industry; Music Industry; United States; Massachusetts
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      Sandino, Tatiana, Jeffrey Rayport, Samuel Grad, and Stacy Straaberg. "School of Rock: Tuning into Structured Empowerment (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 124-044, January 2024. (Revised June 2024.)
      • January 2024
      • Article

      A Cost Model for a Low Threshold Clinic Treating Opioid Use Disorder

      By: Sarah E. Wakeman, Elizabeth Powell, Syed Shehab, Grace Herman, Laura Kehoe and Robert S. Kaplan
      The US fee-for-service payment system under-reimburses clinics offering access to comprehensive treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD). The funding shortfall limits a clinic’s ability to expand and improve access, especially for socially marginalized patients with... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Cost; Equality and Inequality; Health Industry
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      Wakeman, Sarah E., Elizabeth Powell, Syed Shehab, Grace Herman, Laura Kehoe, and Robert S. Kaplan. "A Cost Model for a Low Threshold Clinic Treating Opioid Use Disorder." Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 51, no. 1 (January 2024): 22–30.
      • 2024
      • Book

      The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create

      By: Steve Kaczynski and Scott Duke Kominers
      We demystify the coming digital revolution, showing how NFTs will transform our online and offline interactions.

      NFTs aren’t just pictures on the internet, or a fad that has come and gone. Rather, they’re a new technology for creating digital assets and... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Microeconomics; Entrepreneurship; Cultural Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Digital Platforms; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Markets; E-commerce; Market Design; Value; Customer Value and Value Chain; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Organizational Structure; Customer Ownership; Ownership; Advertising Industry; Communications Industry; Computer Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Fashion Industry; Information Technology Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Technology Industry; Web Services Industry
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      Kaczynski, Steve, and Scott Duke Kominers. The Everything Token: How NFTs and Web3 Will Transform the Way We Buy, Sell, and Create. Portfolio/Penguin, 2024.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      New Facts and Data about Professors and Their Research

      By: Kyle Myers, Wei Yang Tham, Jerry Thursby, Marie Thursby, Nina Cohodes, Karim R. Lakhani, Rachel Mural and Yilun Xu
      We introduce a new survey of professors at roughly 150 of the most research-intensive institutions of higher education in the US. We document seven new features of how research-active professors are compensated, how they spend their time, and how they perceive their... View Details
      Keywords: Research; Higher Education; Compensation and Benefits; Measurement and Metrics; Equality and Inequality; Performance Productivity
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      Myers, Kyle, Wei Yang Tham, Jerry Thursby, Marie Thursby, Nina Cohodes, Karim R. Lakhani, Rachel Mural, and Yilun Xu. "New Facts and Data about Professors and Their Research." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-036, December 2023.
      • December 2023
      • Case

      TikTok: The Algorithm Will See You Now

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Shweta Bagai
      In a world where attention is a scarce commodity, this case explores the meteoric rise of TikTok—an app that transformed from a niche platform for teens into the most visited domain by 2021—surpassing even Google. Its algorithm was a sophisticated mechanism for... View Details
      Keywords: Social Media; Applications and Software; Disruptive Innovation; Business and Government Relations; International Relations; Cybersecurity; Culture; Technology Industry; China; United States; India
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Shweta Bagai. "TikTok: The Algorithm Will See You Now." Harvard Business School Case 824-125, December 2023.
      • 2023
      • Article

      Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset

      By: Junling Liu, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu and Michael Lingzhi Li
      Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have transformed the field of question answering (QA). However, evaluating LLMs in the medical field is challenging due to the lack of standardized and comprehensive datasets. To address this gap, we introduce CMExam,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Health Industry
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      Liu, Junling, Peilin Zhou, Yining Hua, Dading Chong, Zhongyu Tian, Andrew Liu, Helin Wang, Chenyu You, Zhenhua Guo, Lei Zhu, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Benchmarking Large Language Models on CMExam—A Comprehensive Chinese Medical Exam Dataset." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • 2023
      • Other Article

      The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications

      By: Mirac Suzgun, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers and Stuart Shieber
      Innovation is a major driver of economic and social development, and information about many kinds of innovation is embedded in semi-structured data from patents and patent applications. Though the impact and novelty of innovations expressed in patent data are difficult... View Details
      Keywords: USPTO; Natural Language Processing; Classification; Summarization; Patent Novelty; Patent Trolls; Patent Enforceability; Patents; Innovation and Invention; Intellectual Property; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science
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      Suzgun, Mirac, Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Suproteem K. Sarkar, Scott Duke Kominers, and Stuart Shieber. "The Harvard USPTO Patent Dataset: A Large-Scale, Well-Structured, and Multi-Purpose Corpus of Patent Applications." Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track 36 (2023).
      • November 2023 (Revised June 2025)
      • Case

      Aviva plc: Examining Net Zero

      By: Peter Tufano, Brian Trelstad and Matteo Gasparini
      The board of Aviva Plc, one of the world’s largest insurers, must review its climate risk exposures and evaluate next steps. Risk experts at the firm have conducted a robust set of analyses prepared for its regulator, the Bank of England, simulating how various climate... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Climate Change; Insurance; Governing and Advisory Boards; Risk Management; Adaptation; Financial Services Industry; Insurance Industry; Europe; United Kingdom
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      Tufano, Peter, Brian Trelstad, and Matteo Gasparini. "Aviva plc: Examining Net Zero." Harvard Business School Case 324-008, November 2023. (Revised June 2025.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Coordinated R&D Programs and the Creation of New Industries

      By: Daniel P. Gross and Maria P. Roche
      Complex systems technologies—including “deep tech”—are prone to numerous frictions that stymie commercial development. Yet technologies with these features underpin some of the most valuable industries of the past century. We examine how large, mission-oriented... View Details
      Keywords: Research and Development; Policy; Business and Government Relations; Technological Innovation; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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      Gross, Daniel P., and Maria P. Roche. "Coordinated R&D Programs and the Creation of New Industries." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-027, April 2023. (Revised October 2024.)
      • November 2023 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Khanmigo: Revolutionizing Learning with GenAI

      By: William A. Sahlman, Allison M. Ciechanover and Emily Grandjean
      Already a leader in the edtech space since its 2008 launch, Khan Academy was now one of the first edtech organizations to embrace generative artificial intelligence ("genAI"). In March 2023, Khan Academy began beta testing Khanmigo, a genAI “guide” and tutor built with... View Details
      Keywords: Technology Adoption; Leading Change; Entrepreneurship; Risk and Uncertainty; Education; AI and Machine Learning; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Education Industry; Technology Industry; United States; San Francisco
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      Sahlman, William A., Allison M. Ciechanover, and Emily Grandjean. "Khanmigo: Revolutionizing Learning with GenAI." Harvard Business School Case 824-059, November 2023. (Revised April 2024.)
      • October 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      KOKO Networks: Bridging Energy Transition and Affordability with Carbon Financing

      By: George Serafeim, Siko Sikochi and Namrata Arora
      The problem was massive: two million hectares of African forests were lost annually to charcoal production for cooking, an area equivalent to 13 times Greater London, resulting in one billion tons of carbon emissions yearly. At the same time, an estimated 700,000... View Details
      Keywords: Clean Tech; Digital; Carbon Credits; Carbon Offsetting; Africa; Emerging Markets; Energy; Climate Change; Entrepreneurship; Energy Sources; Environmental Sustainability; Health; Market Design; Business Startups; Transition; Environmental Regulation; Policy; Energy Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Africa; Kenya; Rwanda
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      Serafeim, George, Siko Sikochi, and Namrata Arora. "KOKO Networks: Bridging Energy Transition and Affordability with Carbon Financing." Harvard Business School Case 124-022, October 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • October 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      Ball: EVA Driving the World's Leading Can Manufacturer (A)

      By: Jonas Heese and Susan Pinckney
      The case describes Ball’s multi decade history of using Economic Value Added to drive decision making and workforce compensation. In 2016, the company acquired Rexam PLC and became the world’s leading metal beverage container company. Consumer demand for varied... View Details
      Keywords: Budgets and Budgeting; Cost Accounting; Financial Reporting; Financial Statements; Buildings and Facilities; Green Building; Mergers and Acquisitions; Customer Satisfaction; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Machinery and Machining; Asset Pricing; Corporate Finance; Capital; Cost; Financial Management; Goods and Commodities; Compensation and Benefits; Executive Compensation; Employee Relationship Management; Goals and Objectives; Resource Allocation; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Arizona; California; Texas
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      Heese, Jonas, and Susan Pinckney. "Ball: EVA Driving the World's Leading Can Manufacturer (A)." Harvard Business School Case 124-002, October 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Shredder Setups or Straightlining into Risk?: Investing in What You Love

      By: Lauren Cohen and Grace Headinger
      Bob Hall, President of Green Gables Partners, evaluated whether to angel invest into an up-and-coming ski brand. As the son-in-law of the founder of Vera Bradley and having retired from a lengthy career on Wall Street, Hall was well-versed in both direct investing and... View Details
      Keywords: Family Office; Angel Investors; Direct Investment; Family Business; Business Growth and Maturation; Small Business; Financial Strategy; Personal Finance; Investment Portfolio; Private Equity; Decision Choices and Conditions; Risk and Uncertainty; Consumer Products Industry; Montana; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, and Grace Headinger. "Shredder Setups or Straightlining into Risk?: Investing in What You Love." Harvard Business School Case 224-018, October 2023.
      • October 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Fantuan

      By: Feng Zhu and David Lane
      In 2023, CEO Randy Wu was considering the optimal growth strategy for Fantuan, a restaurant food delivery platform that had expanded from its 2014 founding in Vancouver, Canada to serve the Chinese demand for Asian cuisine in urban markets across Australia, Canada, the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Customer Focus and Relationships; Diasporas; Entrepreneurship; Digital Platforms; Growth Management; Business Strategy; Diversification; Expansion; Growth and Development Strategy; Service Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Canada; United Kingdom; Australia
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      Zhu, Feng, and David Lane. "Fantuan." Harvard Business School Case 624-023, October 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Fixie and Conversational AI Sidekicks

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Carin-Isabel Knoop
      In March 2023, Fixie Co-Founder and Chief Architect Matt Welsh and co-founders had the kind of meeting no founders want to have. The president of leading artificial intelligence (AI) research and deployment firm OpenAI, which had catapulted into fame with its ChatGPT... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; Entrepreneurship; Decision Choices and Conditions; AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Competitive Strategy; Technology Industry; United States
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Carin-Isabel Knoop. "Fixie and Conversational AI Sidekicks." Harvard Business School Case 824-037, October 2023.
      • September 2023 (Revised September 2023)
      • Teaching Note

      Roche: Innovation and Access to Healthcare

      By: George Serafeim
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 123-075. In May 2022, Roche Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world, hosted its first investor event focused exclusively on its efforts to impact access to healthcare. While Roche had recently set an ambitious goal to... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Access To Care; Healthcare; Healthcare Access; Innovation; Social Impact; Affordable; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation and Invention; Product Development; Resource Allocation; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Industry
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      Serafeim, George. "Roche: Innovation and Access to Healthcare." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 124-028, September 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
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