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  • August 22, 2017
  • Article

Find the Right Metrics for Your Sales Team

By: Frank V. Cespedes and Robert Marsh
This article reports the results of a survey of key performance indicators (KPIs) used by more than 800 sales groups across industries. The most common KPIs are closed deals and salesperson performance against quota, which, on average, firms measure monthly. But a... View Details
Keywords: Sales; Performance Evaluation; Measurement and Metrics; Salesforce Management
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Cespedes, Frank V., and Robert Marsh. "Find the Right Metrics for Your Sales Team." Harvard Business Review (website) (August 22, 2017).
  • June 2014 (Revised February 2017)
  • Teaching Note

Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance

By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
This is the teaching note for Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance (HBS No. 114-001) View Details
Keywords: Execution; Management Control Systems; Risk; Balancing Innovation And Control; Strategy; Risk Management; Education Industry
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Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 114-062, June 2014. (Revised February 2017.)
  • Research Summary

Do Measures of Financial Constraints Measure Financial Constraints?

Financial constraints are fundamental to empirical research in finance and economics. In joint work with Alexander Ljunqvist, we propose two novel tests to evaluate how well measures of financial constraints actually capture constraints. We find that firms... View Details
  • December 2013 (Revised September 2017)
  • Case

Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance

By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
The widespread cheating scandal that rocked the Atlanta public school system in 2010 and 2011 illustrates how high-stakes performance pressure, without sufficient risk controls, can drive dangerous behavior. After becoming superintendent of the low-income and... View Details
Keywords: Atlanta; Test; Testing; Standardized Test; Standardized Testing; No Child Left Behind; NCLB; Cheating; Performance Pressure; Measurement; Incentives; Atlanta Public Schools; Management; Leadership; Ethics; Performance; Performance Evaluation; Performance Expectations; Risk Management; Education; Education Industry; United States; Georgia (state, US); Atlanta
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Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Case 114-001, December 2013. (Revised September 2017.)
  • October 2011 (Revised April 2017)
  • Teaching Note

Raleigh & Rosse: Measures to Motivate Exceptional Service (Brief Case)

By: Robert L. Simons and Michael Mahoney
Teaching Note for 4353. View Details
Keywords: Control Systems; Performance Measurement; Goal Setting; Compensation; Incentives; Motivation; Sales Compensation; Strategy And Execution; Motivation and Incentives; Goals and Objectives; Salesforce Management; Organizational Culture; Accounting; Performance Evaluation; Compensation and Benefits
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Simons, Robert L., and Michael Mahoney. "Raleigh & Rosse: Measures to Motivate Exceptional Service (Brief Case)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 114-355, October 2011. (Revised April 2017.)
  • February 2020
  • Article

Using Charity Performance Metrics as an Excuse Not to Give

By: Christine L. Exley
There is an increasing pressure to give more wisely and effectively. There is, relatedly, an increasing focus on charity performance metrics. Via a series of experiments, this paper provides a caution to such a focus. While information on charity performance metrics... View Details
Keywords: Charitable Giving; Prosocial Behavior; Altruism; Excuses; Self-serving Biases; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Performance; Measurement and Metrics; Behavior
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Exley, Christine L. "Using Charity Performance Metrics as an Excuse Not to Give." Management Science 66, no. 2 (February 2020): 553–563.
  • 2011
  • Working Paper

The Impact of Forward-Looking Metrics on Employee Decision Making

By: Pablo Casas-Arce, F. Asis Martinez-Jerez and V.G. Narayanan
This paper analyzes the effects of providing forward-looking metrics on employee decision making. We use data from a southern European bank that, in April 2002, started providing its branch managers with customer lifetime value (CLV) information about mortgage... View Details
Keywords: Customer Value and Value Chain; Decision Choices and Conditions; Mortgages; Employees; Information; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Service Delivery; Banking Industry; Europe
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Casas-Arce, Pablo, F. Asis Martinez-Jerez, and V.G. Narayanan. "The Impact of Forward-Looking Metrics on Employee Decision Making." Working Paper, 2011.
  • February 2025
  • Case

Apax Partners: Sustainability & Impact Metrics

By: Emily R. McComb, ZeSean Ali and Tom Quinn
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McComb, Emily R., ZeSean Ali, and Tom Quinn. "Apax Partners: Sustainability & Impact Metrics." Harvard Business School Case 225-081, February 2025.
  • January 2023
  • Case

Year Up: Measuring and Scaling Impact

By: Natalia Rigol, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad and Sarah Mehta
Year Up, a non-profit that provides training and practical work experience to low-income young people, has for years prioritized impact measurement. By 2022, it had built a robust body of evidence demonstrating that its program yields higher earnings for participants.... View Details
Keywords: Demographics; Education; Jobs and Positions; Measurement and Metrics; Performance; Research; Social Enterprise; Growth Management; Education Industry; United States; Massachusetts; Boston
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Rigol, Natalia, Benjamin N. Roth, Brian Trelstad, and Sarah Mehta. "Year Up: Measuring and Scaling Impact." Harvard Business School Case 823-004, January 2023.
  • January 2001
  • Teaching Note

Measurement and Management at CitySoft TN

By: V.G. Narayanan, Lisa Brem and Sanjay Pothen
Teaching Note for (9-100-056). View Details
Keywords: Information Technology Industry
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Narayanan, V.G., Lisa Brem, and Sanjay Pothen. "Measurement and Management at CitySoft TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 101-073, January 2001.
  • August 2024
  • Technical Note

Measuring Concentrated Ownership

By: Christina R. Wing, Everett Alexander and Justin Huang
Firms with strong governance practices exhibit lower control premiums due to reduced risks and more efficient operations. Conversely, poorly governed firms may exhibit higher control premiums as new owners anticipate the need for substantial governance improvements.... View Details
Keywords: Concentrated Ownership; Ownership; Corporate Governance; Valuation
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Wing, Christina R., Everett Alexander, and Justin Huang. "Measuring Concentrated Ownership." Harvard Business School Technical Note 625-031, August 2024.
  • January 1994 (Revised March 2000)
  • Background Note

Notes on Reliability and Attitude Measurement

By: Alvin J. Silk
Keywords: Attitudes; Performance Consistency
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Silk, Alvin J. "Notes on Reliability and Attitude Measurement." Harvard Business School Background Note 594-087, January 1994. (Revised March 2000.)
  • 2014
  • Working Paper

Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architectures: A Flexibility Analysis

By: Robert Lagerstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and David Dreyfus
In this paper, we test a method for visualizing and measuring software portfolio architectures and use our measures to predict the costs of architectural change. Our data is drawn from a biopharmaceutical company, comprising 407 architectural components with 1,157... View Details
Keywords: Design Structure Matrices; Software Architecture; Flexibility; Software Application Portfolio; Complexity; Applications and Software; Forecasting and Prediction
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Lagerstrom, Robert, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, and David Dreyfus. "Visualizing and Measuring Software Portfolio Architectures: A Flexibility Analysis." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-083, March 2014.
  • spring 1991
  • Article

New Systems for Measurement and Control

By: Robert S. Kaplan
Keywords: System; Measurement and Metrics
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Kaplan, Robert S. "New Systems for Measurement and Control." Engineering Economist (spring 1991): 201–218.
  • 2010
  • Article

Measuring the Perpetrators and Funders of Typosquatting

By: Tyler Moore and Benjamin Edelman
We describe a method for identifying "typosquatting", the intentional registration of misspellings of popular website addresses. We estimate that at least 938,000 typosquatting domains target the top 3,264 .com sites, and we crawl more than 285,000 of these domains to... View Details
Keywords: Measurement and Metrics; Online Technology; Web
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Moore, Tyler, and Benjamin Edelman. "Measuring the Perpetrators and Funders of Typosquatting." Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. Financial Cryptography and Data Security: Proceedings of the International Conference 6052 (2010). (Introduction, Web appendix.)
  • April 2010
  • Teaching Note

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals: Spurring Scientific Creativity with Metrics

By: Robert S. Huckman
Teaching Note for [607008]. View Details
Keywords: Restructuring; Decisions; Innovation and Invention; Research and Development; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Huckman, Robert S. "Wyeth Pharmaceuticals: Spurring Scientific Creativity with Metrics." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 610-071, April 2010.
  • 2007
  • Chapter

Measuring Performance

By: Herman B. Leonard
Keywords: Performance Productivity; Measurement and Metrics
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Leonard, Herman B. "Measuring Performance." In Entrepreneurship in the Social Sector, by Jane Wei-Skillern, James Austin, Herman Leonard, and Howard Stevenson. Sage Publications, 2007.
  • September 26, 2024
  • Article

A Better Way to Measure Social Impact

By: Robert S. Kaplan and Constance Spitzer
All impact investors report the financial returns from their funds and investments, and many provide metrics on intended social outcomes, such as numbers of individuals served, or quality jobs created. But investors do not supply metrics about their impacts on... View Details
Keywords: Impact Investing; Social Impact Investment; Inclusive Growth; Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability
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Kaplan, Robert S., and Constance Spitzer. "A Better Way to Measure Social Impact." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (September 26, 2024).
  • November 2007
  • Article

Measuring Consumer and Competitive Impact with Elasticity Decompositions

Marketing investments are designed to change consumer behavior in ways that help goods compete in the marketplace. Previous research has focused on using elasticity decompositions to measure how these investments affect either consumer decision making or competing... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Investment Return; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Measurement and Metrics; Mathematical Methods; Competitive Advantage
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Steenburgh, Thomas J. "Measuring Consumer and Competitive Impact with Elasticity Decompositions." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 44, no. 4 (November 2007): 636–646.
  • Article

Measuring Market Orientation: A Generalization and Synthesis

By: R. Deshpande and J. U. Farley
Keywords: Measurement and Metrics; Markets
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Deshpande, R., and J. U. Farley. "Measuring Market Orientation: A Generalization and Synthesis." Journal of Market-Focused Management 2, no. 3 (September 1998): 213–232.
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