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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (152)

      Heuristics And BiasesRemove Heuristics And Biases →

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      • June 2020
      • Article

      How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections

      By: Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
      Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes... View Details
      Keywords: Assessment; Bias; Inspection; Scheduling; Econometric Analysis; Empirical Research; Regulation; Health; Food; Safety; Quality; Performance Consistency; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Ibanez, Maria, and Michael W. Toffel. "How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food Safety Inspections." Management Science 66, no. 6 (June 2020): 2396–2416. (Revised February 2019. Featured in Harvard Business Review, Forbes, Food Safety Magazine, Food Safety News, and KelloggInsight. (2020 MSOM Responsible Research Finalist.))
      • May 5, 2020
      • Article

      Why the Crisis Is Putting Companies at Risk of Losing Female Talent

      By: Colleen Ammerman and Boris Groysberg
      There has been a massive shift in how work gets done inside many companies and the global pivot to working remotely will likely change how many think about face time and rigid work schedules. Might these changes benefit women? The authors argue that will depend on how... View Details
      Keywords: Coronavirus Pandemic; Remote Work; Flexible Work Arrangements; Health Pandemics; Employees; Working Conditions; Gender
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      Ammerman, Colleen, and Boris Groysberg. "Why the Crisis Is Putting Companies at Risk of Losing Female Talent." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (May 5, 2020).
      • Article

      Signaling When Nobody Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-shot Anonymous Interactions

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and David G. Rand
      Moralistic punishment can confer reputation benefits by signaling trustworthiness to observers. However, why do people punish even when nobody is watching? We argue that people often rely on the heuristic that reputation is typically at stake, such that reputation... View Details
      Keywords: Signaling; Morality; Trustworthiness; Anger; Third-party Punishment; Moral Sensibility; Behavior; Trust; Reputation
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and David G. Rand. "Signaling When Nobody Is Watching: A Reputation Heuristics Account of Outrage and Punishment in One-shot Anonymous Interactions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 1 (January 2020).
      • November 26, 2019
      • Article

      Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Favors the Greater Good

      By: Karen Huang, Joshua D. Greene and Max Bazerman
      The “veil of ignorance” is a moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial decision-making by denying decision-makers access to potentially biasing information about who will benefit most or least from the available options. Veil-of-ignorance reasoning was... View Details
      Keywords: Policy Making; Procedural Justice; Ethics; Decision Making; Policy; Fairness
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      Huang, Karen, Joshua D. Greene, and Max Bazerman. "Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Favors the Greater Good." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 48 (November 26, 2019).
      • Article

      How to Use Heuristics for Differential Privacy

      By: Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zhiwei Steven Wu
      We develop theory for using heuristics to solve computationally hard problems in differential privacy. Heuristic approaches have enjoyed tremendous success in machine learning, for which performance can be empirically evaluated. However, privacy guarantees cannot be... View Details
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      Neel, Seth, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "How to Use Heuristics for Differential Privacy." Proceedings of the IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) 60th (2019).
      • November–December 2019
      • Article

      Making Sense of Soft Information: Interpretation Bias and Loan Quality

      By: Dennis Campbell, Maria Loumioti and Regina Wittenberg Moerman
      We explore whether behavioral biases impede the effective processing and interpretation of soft information in private lending. Taking advantage of the internal reporting system of a large federal credit union, we delineate three important biases likely to affect the... View Details
      Keywords: Soft Information; Lending; Banking; Information; Financing and Loans; Banks and Banking; Decision Making
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      Campbell, Dennis, Maria Loumioti, and Regina Wittenberg Moerman. "Making Sense of Soft Information: Interpretation Bias and Loan Quality." Art. 101240. Journal of Accounting & Economics 68, nos. 2-3 (November–December 2019).
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Favors the Greater Good

      By: Karen Huang, Joshua D. Greene and Max Bazerman
      The “veil of ignorance” is a moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial decision-making by denying decision-makers access to potentially biasing information about who will benefit most or least from the available options. Veil-of-ignorance reasoning was... View Details
      Keywords: Policy-making; Procedural Justice; Ethics; Decision Making; Fairness
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      Huang, Karen, Joshua D. Greene, and Max Bazerman. "Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Favors the Greater Good." Working Paper, October 2019.
      • 2010
      • Article

      Fretting About Modest Risks Is a Mistake

      By: Matthew Rabin and Max Bazerman
      Managers often engage in risk-averse behavior, and economists, decision analysts, and managers treat risk aversion as a preference. In many cases, acting in a risk-averse manner is a mistake, but managers can correct this mistake with greater reflection. This article... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Biases; Risk Management; Risk and Uncertainty; Decision Making
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      Rabin, Matthew, and Max Bazerman. "Fretting About Modest Risks Is a Mistake." California Management Review 61, no. 3 (May 2019): 34–48.
      • Article

      Choice Architects Reveal a Bias Toward Positivity and Certainty

      By: David P. Daniels and Julian Zlatev
      Biases influence important decisions, but little is known about whether and how individuals try to exploit others’ biases in strategic interactions. Choice architects—that is, people who present choices to others—must often decide between presenting choice sets with... View Details
      Keywords: Nudges; Biases; Strategic Decision Making; Social Influence; Choice Architects; Choice Architecture; Reflection Effect; Certainty Effect; Loss Aversion; Decision Making; Risk and Uncertainty; Power and Influence
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      Daniels, David P., and Julian Zlatev. "Choice Architects Reveal a Bias Toward Positivity and Certainty." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 151 (March 2019): 132–149.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Labor Market Shocks and the Demand for Trade Protection: Evidence from Online Surveys

      By: Rafael Di Tella and Dani Rodrik
      We study preferences for government action in response to layoffs resulting from different types of labor-market shocks. We consider the following shocks: technological change, a demand shift, bad management, and three kinds of international outsourcing. Respondents... View Details
      Keywords: Labor; Markets; System Shocks; Trade; Attitudes; Surveys
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      Di Tella, Rafael, and Dani Rodrik. "Labor Market Shocks and the Demand for Trade Protection: Evidence from Online Surveys." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 25705, March 2019.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      A Preference for Revision Absent Improvement

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Leslie K. John, Ed O’Brien and Michael I. Norton
      People regularly encounter revised stimuli (e.g., revised versions of products, new editions of books, tweaked recipes, and technological updates). In principle, a world of constant revision should benefit people by affording them the most up-to-date offerings. In... View Details
      Keywords: Product Change; Versioning; Expectancy Effects; Heuristics; Intuitive Processing; Product Marketing; Change; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Leslie K. John, Ed O’Brien, and Michael I. Norton. "A Preference for Revision Absent Improvement." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-087, February 2019. (Revised April 2025.)
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Behavioral Economics and Health-Care Markets

      By: Amitabh Chandra, Benjamin Handel and Joshua Schwartzstein
      This chapter summarizes research in behavioral health economics, focusing on insurance markets and product markets in health care. We argue that the prevalence of choice difficulties and biases leading to mistakes in these markets establish a special place for them in... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Consumer Behavior; Economics; Health Care and Treatment; Insurance; Markets
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      Chandra, Amitabh, Benjamin Handel, and Joshua Schwartzstein. "Behavioral Economics and Health-Care Markets." Chap. 6 in Handbook of Behavioral Economics: Foundations and Applications 2, edited by B. Douglas Bernheim, Stefano DellaVigna, and David Laibson, 459–502. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland, 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Relative Performance Transparency: Effects on Sustainable Choices

      By: Ryan W. Buell, Shwetha Mariadassou and Yanchong Zheng
      We study how transparency into the levels and changes of relative sustainability performance affects consumer choices. Our work considers two forms of transparency: process transparency, in which customers receive information about the company's sustainability... View Details
      Keywords: Relative Performance Tranparency; Process Transparency; Customer Transparency; Levels; Changes; Reflectiveness; Self-serving Attribution Biases; Sustainability; Consumer Choice
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      Buell, Ryan W., Shwetha Mariadassou, and Yanchong Zheng. "Relative Performance Transparency: Effects on Sustainable Choices." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-079, January 2019.
      • 2019
      • Article

      An Empirical Study of Rich Subgroup Fairness for Machine Learning

      By: Michael J Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zhiwei Steven Wu
      Kearns et al. [2018] recently proposed a notion of rich subgroup fairness intended to bridge the gap between statistical and individual notions of fairness. Rich subgroup fairness picks a statistical fairness constraint (say, equalizing false positive rates across... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Fairness; AI and Machine Learning
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      Kearns, Michael J., Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "An Empirical Study of Rich Subgroup Fairness for Machine Learning." Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (2019): 100–109.
      • January 2019
      • Article

      The ABCs of Financial Education: Experimental Evidence on Attitudes, Behavior, and Cognitive Biases

      By: Fenella Carpena, Shawn A. Cole, Jeremy Shapiro and Bilal Zia
      This paper uses a large-scale field experiment in India to study attitudinal, behavioral, and cognitive constraints that can stymie the link between financial education and financial outcomes. The study complements financial education with (1) financial incentives on a... View Details
      Keywords: Finance; Education; Attitudes; Behavior; Outcome or Result
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      Carpena, Fenella, Shawn A. Cole, Jeremy Shapiro, and Bilal Zia. "The ABCs of Financial Education: Experimental Evidence on Attitudes, Behavior, and Cognitive Biases." Management Science 65, no. 1 (January 2019): 346–369.
      • November 2018
      • Case

      frog design

      By: Srikant M. Datar and Caitlin N. Bowler
      The case follows the genesis and development of Palo, a radical urban communications hub designed to replace payphone booths on Manhattan’s city streets, through a joint venture between frog design and a venture-backed firm LQD WiFi. The case explores the complexity of... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Prototyping; User Experience Design; Design Heuristics; Telecommunications; Urban Systems; Communication Technology; Urban Scope; Innovation and Invention; Design; Product Development
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      Datar, Srikant M., and Caitlin N. Bowler. "frog design." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 118-707, November 2018.
      • August 28, 2018
      • Article

      Maintaining Trust When Agents Can Engage in Self-deception

      By: Andres Babino, Hernan A. Makse, Rafael Di Tella and Mariano Sigman
      The coexistence of cooperation and selfish instincts is a remarkable characteristic of humans. Psychological research has unveiled the cognitive mechanisms behind self-deception. Two important findings are that a higher ambiguity about others’ social preferences leads... View Details
      Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Cognitive Neuroscience; Corruption; Cooperation; Self-deception; Trust; Behavior
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      Babino, Andres, Hernan A. Makse, Rafael Di Tella, and Mariano Sigman. "Maintaining Trust When Agents Can Engage in Self-deception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (August 28, 2018): 8728–8733.
      • Article

      Mitigating Bias in Adaptive Data Gathering via Differential Privacy

      By: Seth Neel and Aaron Leon Roth
      Data that is gathered adaptively—via bandit algorithms, for example—exhibits bias. This is true both when gathering simple numeric valued data—the empirical means kept track of by stochastic bandit algorithms are biased downwards—and when gathering more complicated... View Details
      Keywords: Bandit Algorithms; Bias; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods; Theory
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      Neel, Seth, and Aaron Leon Roth. "Mitigating Bias in Adaptive Data Gathering via Differential Privacy." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 35th (2018).
      • 2018
      • Chapter

      Organizational Remedies for Discrimination

      By: R. Ely and A. Feldberg
      Laws now exist to protect employees from blatant forms of discrimination in hiring and promotion, but workplace discrimination persists in latent forms. These “second-generation” forms of bias arise in workplace structures, practices, and patterns of interaction that... View Details
      Keywords: Discrimination; Prejudice and Bias; Equality and Inequality
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      Ely, R., and A. Feldberg. "Organizational Remedies for Discrimination." In The Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination, edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King, 387–410. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
      • Article

      Preventing Fairness Gerrymandering: Auditing and Learning for Subgroup Fairness

      By: Michael J Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zhiwei Steven Wu
      The most prevalent notions of fairness in machine learning are statistical definitions: they fix a small collection of pre-defined groups, and then ask for parity of some statistic of the classifier (like classification rate or false positive rate) across these groups.... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Algorithms; Fairness; Mathematical Methods
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      Kearns, Michael J., Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "Preventing Fairness Gerrymandering: Auditing and Learning for Subgroup Fairness." Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) 35th (2018).
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