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      Equity InvestmentRemove Equity Investment →

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      • March 2023 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Wilshire Lane Capital

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang, Lindsay N. Hyde and Stacy Straaberg
      In September 2021, Adam Demuyakor (MBA 2017) was faced with decisions about how to launch his venture capital (VC) investment firm. His previous investment activities were a series of angel investments and special purpose vehicles alongside two part-time general... View Details
      Keywords: Ownership Stake; Investment Funds; Venture Capital; Business and Shareholder Relations; Real Estate Industry; Technology Industry; Los Angeles; California; United States
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Lindsay N. Hyde, and Stacy Straaberg. "Wilshire Lane Capital." Harvard Business School Case 823-062, March 2023. (Revised January 2025.)
      • March 2023
      • Case

      Ownership Works: Scaling a Profitable Social Mission

      By: Ethan Rouen, Dennis Campbell and Andrew Robinson
      Pete Stavros was on a high after his latest experiment with employee ownership. As the head of industrial investments for KKR, Stavros orchestrated the sale of CHI Overhead Doors, which turned into KKR’s best investment in more than two decades and created $360 million... View Details
      Keywords: Employee Ownership; Knowledge Sharing; Nonprofit Organizations
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      Rouen, Ethan, Dennis Campbell, and Andrew Robinson. "Ownership Works: Scaling a Profitable Social Mission." Harvard Business School Case 123-079, March 2023.
      • February 2023 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      CalPERS Private Equity 2.0

      By: Josh Lerner, John D. Dionne and Alys Ferragamo
      Yup Kim, the Head of Investments, Private Equity at the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS), reflected on the pension fund’s private equity strategy. In July of 2022, the fund was in the midst of a multi-year turnaround strategy with the goal to... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Investment Portfolio; Retirement; Leadership; Strategy; Public Sector
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      Lerner, Josh, John D. Dionne, and Alys Ferragamo. "CalPERS Private Equity 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 223-048, February 2023. (Revised May 2023.)
      • January 2023
      • Teaching Note

      MicroStrategy’s Investment in Bitcoin

      By: C. Fritz Foley, Celine Chammas and Donal O'Cofaigh
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 222-048. View Details
      Keywords: Bitcoin; Corporate Strategy; Acquisition; Investment Portfolio; Capital Structure; Equity
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      Foley, C. Fritz, Celine Chammas, and Donal O'Cofaigh. "MicroStrategy’s Investment in Bitcoin." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 223-065, January 2023.
      • 2022
      • Book

      Private Equity

      By: Paul A. Gompers and Steven N. Kaplan
      This Advanced Introduction provides an illustrative guide to private equity, integrating insights from academic research with examples to derive practical recommendations. Paul Gompers and Steven Kaplan begin by reviewing the history of private equity then exploring... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Investment Funds; Value Creation
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      Gompers, Paul A., and Steven N. Kaplan. Private Equity. Elgar Advanced Introductions. London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Ajax Health: A New Model for Medical Technology Innovation

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      This case teaches key success factors for both startup and established MedTech firms. It examines how to structure a firm to maximize innovation and financial returns with organizational structures that better align the incentives for the different skill sets... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Success; Innovation Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Market Entry and Exit; Financial Strategy; Business Model; Partners and Partnerships; Entrepreneurship; Private Equity; Technology Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Ajax Health: A New Model for Medical Technology Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 323-043, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised September 2023)
      • Technical Note

      SAFE Notes: An Introduction

      By: Álvaro Rodríguez Arregui and Jo Tango
      A SAFE ("Simple Agreement for Future Equity") is a security increasingly used in seed financings. Not equity or debt, SAFEs allow founders to "get capital now and sell equity later." This Technical Note covers: 1. What is a SAFE and why use one?, 2. The key concepts... View Details
      Keywords: Seed Financing; Seed Investing; Entrepreneurial Finance; Financing and Loans
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      Rodríguez Arregui, Álvaro, and Jo Tango. "SAFE Notes: An Introduction." Harvard Business School Technical Note 823-026, November 2022. (Revised September 2023.)
      • October 2022 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Founders First Capital Partners: An Approach to Capital Access Equity

      By: Brian Trelstad, Mel Martin and Amy Klopfenstein
      In June 2021, Kim T. Folsom, the founder and CEO of revenue-based financing firm Founders First Capital Partners (FFCP), must decide whether to issue another loan to OnShore Technology Group, an up-and-coming software validation company. FFCP provided revenue-based... View Details
      Keywords: Finance; Financial Instruments; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Investment Return; Revenue; Capital; Financial Services Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian, Mel Martin, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Founders First Capital Partners: An Approach to Capital Access Equity." Harvard Business School Case 323-013, October 2022. (Revised January 2025.)
      • October 2022 (Revised February 2024)
      • Case

      Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate

      By: Boris Vallee and Fares Khrais
      Masdar City broke ground in 2008 and was conceived by the Abu Dhabi government to be an international beacon of innovation in sustainable energy and real estate. It was also to be a profitable investment for the government. At first glance, the two goals pulled in... View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Business Growth And Maturation; Decisions; Public Sector; Financial Crisis; Construction; Climate Change; Green Technology; Borrowing And Debt; Corporate Finance; Capital; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cost Of Capital; Equity; REIT; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Innovation; Growth And Development Strategy; Emerging Markets; Urban Development; Middle East; United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Cities; Green Building; Business and Government Relations; Decision Choices and Conditions; Financing and Loans; Real Estate Industry; Construction Industry; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Abu Dhabi
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      Vallee, Boris, and Fares Khrais. "Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate." Harvard Business School Case 223-036, October 2022. (Revised February 2024.)
      • September 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Bear to Bull: An Analyst’s Journey with Netflix

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Joseph Pacelli, Jennifer G. Lawson and Tom Quinn
      Wedbush Securities analyst Michael Pachter said “hell freezing over” was more likely than him upgrading the “sell” rating he had maintained on movie and television streaming giant Netflix since 2011, despite meteoric subscriber and share price growth. In 2022, however,... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Asset Pricing; Cash Flow; Investment; Stocks; Equity; Analysis; Attitudes; Financial Services Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Joseph Pacelli, Jennifer G. Lawson, and Tom Quinn. "Bear to Bull: An Analyst’s Journey with Netflix." Harvard Business School Case 123-001, September 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising

      By: Brian K. Baik
      I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g.,... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Institutional Investors; Valuation Multiples; Earnings Management; Private Firms; Valuation; Investment Funds
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      Baik, Brian K. "Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-013, August 2022. (Revised May 2024.)
      • Article

      The Value of Intermediation in the Stock Market

      By: Marco Di Maggio, Mark Egan and Francesco Franzoni
      We estimate a structural model of broker choice to quantitatively decompose the value that institutional investors attach to broker services. Studying over 300 million institutional equity trades, we find that investors are sensitive to both explicit and implicit... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Intermediation; Institutional Investors; Research Analysts; Broker Networks; Equity Trading; Institutional Investing
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      Di Maggio, Marco, Mark Egan, and Francesco Franzoni. "The Value of Intermediation in the Stock Market." Journal of Financial Economics 145, no. 2A (August 2022): 208–233.
      • July 2022 (Revised October 2024)
      • Case

      3G Capital

      By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      In June 2022, 3G Capital Co-Managing Partners Alex Behring and Daniel Schwartz were in a partners’ meeting. On the agenda were three potential investments. Code named “Alpha,” “Bravo,” and “Charlie” (real target companies that have been disguised), they were the... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Decisions; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Decision Choices and Conditions; Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts
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      Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "3G Capital." Harvard Business School Case 823-010, July 2022. (Revised October 2024.)
      • July 2022
      • Article

      Private Equity and COVID-19

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      We survey more than 200 private equity (PE) managers from firms with $1.9 trillion of assets under management (AUM) about their portfolio performance, decisionmaking and activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that PE managers have significant incentives to... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Health Pandemics; Private Equity; Management; Investment Portfolio; Performance; Decision Making; Value Creation
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      Gompers, Paul A., Steven N. Kaplan, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "Private Equity and COVID-19." Journal of Financial Intermediation 51 (July 2022).
      • June 2022
      • Case

      PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product

      By: Daniel Green, Victoria Ivashina and Alys Ferragamo
      The case explores whether alternative investments play a unique role in achieving low carbon dioxide emissions at the portfolio level. This case is set in April of 2020 and follows Kasper Ahrndt Lorenzen, Chief Investment Officer, and Peter Tind Larsen, Head of... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Carbon Footprint; Alternative Assets; Alternative Investment Vehicles; Pension Fund Investing; Private Equity; Renewable Energy; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Denmark
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      Green, Daniel, Victoria Ivashina, and Alys Ferragamo. "PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product." Harvard Business School Case 222-088, June 2022.
      • May 2022 (Revised April 2024)
      • Case

      Third Point in 2020: Growth Is Where the Value Is?

      By: Robin Greenwood, James Williams and Denise Han
      In early May 2020, Daniel Loeb’s team at Third Point was evaluating a potential growth opportunity in the Walt Disney Company and whether investor activism might play a role. Battered by the effects of COVID-19, the company’s stock had initially tumbled to $86 and then... View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Equity; Disney; Value; COVID-19 Pandemic; Economics; Strategy; Growth and Development; Investment Return; Opportunities; Business and Stakeholder Relations; North America
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      Greenwood, Robin, James Williams, and Denise Han. "Third Point in 2020: Growth Is Where the Value Is?" Harvard Business School Case 222-029, May 2022. (Revised April 2024.)
      • May 2022
      • Supplement

      Third Point in 2020: Growth Is Where the Value Is? (B)

      By: Robin Greenwood and Denise Han
      In early May 2020, Daniel Loeb’s team at Third Point was evaluating a potential growth opportunity in the Walt Disney Company and whether investor activism might play a role. Battered by the effects of COVID-19, the company’s stock had initially tumbled to $86 and then... View Details
      Keywords: Growth; Equity; Disney; Value; Economics; Finance; Investment; Strategy; Management; Investment Activism; Investment Return; Growth and Development; North America
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      Greenwood, Robin, and Denise Han. "Third Point in 2020: Growth Is Where the Value Is? (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 222-030, May 2022.
      • March 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Clara Wu Tsai and Brooklyn Loan Innovation

      By: Archie L. Jones, Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Henry McGee
      Philanthropist Clara Wu Tsai is committed to racial equity and investing in Brooklyn-based minority business owners. In the wake of the George Floyd murder, she decides to create a new initiative called the Social Justice Fund and commit an initial $50 million over 10... View Details
      Keywords: Minority-owned Businesses; Racial Equity; Entrepreneurship; Race; Values and Beliefs; Small Business; Partners and Partnerships; Social Issues; Investment; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Decision Making; Brooklyn
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      Jones, Archie L., Jeffrey J. Bussgang, and Henry McGee. "Clara Wu Tsai and Brooklyn Loan Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 822-124, March 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • March 2022 (Revised November 2024)
      • Case

      Aldrich Capital Partners

      By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      By July 2016, the Aldrich Capital Partners team had spent over two years trying to raise their inaugural growth-equity fund. They had pitched to over 140 investors, but none had committed. Managing Partners Mirza Baig and Raz Zia each had extensive experience in the... View Details
      Keywords: Growth Equity; Investment Evaluation; Entrepreneurship; Private Equity; Investment; Strategy; Decision Making; United States
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      Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "Aldrich Capital Partners." Harvard Business School Case 822-090, March 2022. (Revised November 2024.)
      • Article

      Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach

      By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
      This study provides the first large-scale study of the performance of expected-return proxies (ERPs) internationally. Analyst-forecast-based ICCs are sparsely populated and not robustly associated with future returns. Earnings-model-forecast-based ICCs are... View Details
      Keywords: Expected Returns; Discount Rates; Fundamental Valuation; Implied Cost Of Capital; International Equity Markets; Present Value; Investment Return; Equity; Markets; Global Range
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      Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach." Accounting Review 97, no. 2 (March 2022): 107–133.
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