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- All HBS Web (155)
- Faculty Publications (100)
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- November 2009
- Background Note
Business Valuation and the Cost of Capital
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
This note is an introduction to the cost of capital as used in discounted cash flow valuation analyses. The note covers basic financial economic principles and practical problems encountered in calculating the cost of capital, especially WACC. It concludes with... View Details
Luehrman, Timothy A. "Business Valuation and the Cost of Capital." Harvard Business School Background Note 210-037, November 2009.
- November 2020
- Supplement
Valuing Celgene's CVR
By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
When Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) acquired Celgene Corporation in November 2019, Celgene shareholders received cash, BMS stock, and a contingent value right (CVRs) that would pay $9 if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved three of Celgene’s late stage... View Details
- February 1992 (Revised July 1992)
- Background Note
Note on Cross-Border Valuation
By: W. Carl Kester and Julia Morley
Provides a fundamental technical review of valuation techniques used to assess cross-border investments. Discusses the discounting of free cash flows with a weighted average cost of capital, the use of adjusted present value, and the importance of considering real... View Details
Kester, W. Carl, and Julia Morley. "Note on Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 292-084, February 1992. (Revised July 1992.)
- 2005
- Working Paper
Money Illusion in the Stock Market: The Modigliani-Cohn Hypothesis
By: Randolph B. Cohen, Christopher Polk and Tuomo Vuolteenaho
Modigliani and Cohn [1979] hypothesize that the stock market suffers from money illusion, discounting real cash flows at nominal discount rates. While previous research has focused on the pricing of the aggregate stock market relative to Treasury bills, the... View Details
Cohen, Randolph B., Christopher Polk, and Tuomo Vuolteenaho. "Money Illusion in the Stock Market: The Modigliani-Cohn Hypothesis." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 11018, January 2005.
- November 2020
- Teaching Note
Valuing Celgene's CVR
By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 221-031. When Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) acquired Celgene Corporation in November 2019, Celgene shareholders received cash, BMS stock, and a contingent value right (CVRs) that would pay $9 if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)... View Details
- Teaching Interest
Finance I
By: Archie L. Jones
This course examines the role of finance in supporting the functional areas of a firm, and fosters an understanding of how financial decisions themselves can create value.
Topics covered include:
- Basic analytical skills and principles of... View Details
- March 1994 (Revised June 1999)
- Background Note
Real Options: Valuing Managerial Flexibility
Provides a basic understanding of real options in corporate finance. Traditional discounted cash flow techniques (NPV) do not deal well with managerial flexibility or future response to uncertainty. The value of this flexibility can be significant and is handled well... View Details
Edleson, Michael E. "Real Options: Valuing Managerial Flexibility." Harvard Business School Background Note 294-109, March 1994. (Revised June 1999.)
- January 1995 (Revised August 1997)
- Background Note
Cross-Border Valuation
By: Kenneth A. Froot and W. Carl Kester
Provides a review of valuation techniques used to assess cross-border investments. Discusses the discounting of free cash flows with a weighted average cost of capital and the use of adjusted present value. Special concerns such as foreign-exchange risk, country risks,... View Details
Froot, Kenneth A., and W. Carl Kester. "Cross-Border Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-100, January 1995. (Revised August 1997.)
- October 2000 (Revised April 2001)
- Case
Cost of Capital at Ameritrade
By: Mark L. Mitchell and Erik Stafford
Ameritrade Holding Corp. is planning large marketing and technology investments to improve the company's competitive position in deep-discount brokerage by taking advantage of emerging economies of scale. In order to evaluate whether the strategy would generate... View Details
Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Asset Pricing; Cash Flow; Cost of Capital; Investment; Marketing; Mathematical Methods; Competition; Information Technology; Internet and the Web; Financial Services Industry
Mitchell, Mark L., and Erik Stafford. "Cost of Capital at Ameritrade." Harvard Business School Case 201-046, October 2000. (Revised April 2001.)
- June 2017
- Case
AT&T Versus Verizon: A Financial Comparison
By: V.G. Narayanan and Joel L. Heilprin
This case asks students to prepare a report comparing the financial and operating performance of AT&T and Verizon. Taking the perspective of a communications industry analyst, they must also consider the differences between and implications of the companies' business... View Details
Keywords: Financial Statements; Operations; Analysis; Business Model; Accounting; Performance Effectiveness; Telecommunications Industry
Narayanan, V.G., and Joel L. Heilprin. "AT&T Versus Verizon: A Financial Comparison." Harvard Business School Brief Case 917-543, June 2017.
- February 1991 (Revised November 1993)
- Supplement
Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star
A set of five exercises in capital budgeting. Student calculates and compares various decision criteria (including IRR and NPV) for capital investment projects. This is an introductory case, where relevant cash flows are provided, and the focus is on the discounting... View Details
Edleson, Michael E. "Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star." Harvard Business School Supplement 291-031, February 1991. (Revised November 1993.)
- January 1993 (Revised October 1994)
- Background Note
Note on Adjusted Present Value
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
Describes the "adjusted present value" (APV) approach to discounted cash flow analysis. Much of the note is devoted to a critical comparison of APV and an approach based on the wrighted average cost of capital (WACC). Argues that APV is usually, if not always, simpler,... View Details
Luehrman, Timothy A. "Note on Adjusted Present Value." Harvard Business School Background Note 293-092, January 1993. (Revised October 1994.)
- February 2001 (Revised April 2001)
- Background Note
Note on Valuing Private Businesses
By: Dwight B. Crane and Indra Reinbergs
This case provides a brief overview of valuation for owners of closely held companies. The focus is on a comparable transactions approach, although rules of thumb and discounted cash flow are mentioned. Earnings multiples and their drivers are discussed. It uses... View Details
Keywords: Earnings Management; Finance; Cash Flow; Analytics and Data Science; Private Ownership; Valuation
Crane, Dwight B., and Indra Reinbergs. "Note on Valuing Private Businesses." Harvard Business School Background Note 201-060, February 2001. (Revised April 2001.)
- September 2009 (Revised June 2011)
- Case
Mercury Athletic: Valuing the Opportunity
By: Timothy A. Luehrman and Joel L. Heilprin
In January 2007, West Coast Fashions, Inc., a large designer and marketer of branded apparel, announced a strategic reorganization that would result in the divestiture of their wholly owned footwear subsidiary, Mercury Athletic. John Liedtke, the head of business... View Details
Keywords: Mergers ＆ Acquisitions; Sensitivity Analysis; Cost of Capital; Restructuring; Valuation; Cash Flow; Mergers and Acquisitions; Corporate Finance; Apparel and Accessories Industry
Luehrman, Timothy A., and Joel L. Heilprin. "Mercury Athletic: Valuing the Opportunity." Harvard Business School Brief Case 094-050, September 2009. (Revised June 2011.)
- May 2000 (Revised January 2003)
- Case
Health Development Corporation
Health Development Corp. (HDC) owns and operates health clubs in the Greater Boston area. HDC engaged a local investment banker to explore a sale of the company. The most likely buyer views HDC's prior purchase of real estate as a negative. HDC's management is... View Details
Keywords: Cash Flow; Property; Business Exit or Shutdown; Valuation; Value; Decisions; Health Industry; Boston
Ruback, Richard S. "Health Development Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 200-049, May 2000. (Revised January 2003.)
- December 2012
- Case
Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation
By: Suraj Srinivasan, Beiting Cheng and Edward J. Riedl
The case illustrates the use of the residual income (also known as the abnormal earnings) valuation approach. Students are asked to provide a valuation of Coca-Cola Company using the residual income valuation methodology and understand how it maps into the discounted... View Details
Srinivasan, Suraj, Beiting Cheng, and Edward J. Riedl. "Coca-Cola: Residual Income Valuation." Harvard Business School Case 113-056, December 2012.
- 2024
- Working Paper
Economic Budgeting for Endowment-Dependent Universities
By: John Y. Campbell, Jeremy C. Stein and Alex A. Wu
To understand their financial position, universities need to understand the long-term implications of their operating revenues and costs in relation to the financial assets they have available. Standard budgeting procedures that focus on one or two years at a time and... View Details
Campbell, John Y., Jeremy C. Stein, and Alex A. Wu. "Economic Budgeting for Endowment-Dependent Universities." Working Paper, March 2024.
- 1998
- Article
Alternative Models of Uncertain Commodity Prices for Use with Modern Asset Pricing Methods
By: Malcolm Baker, E. S. Mayfield and John Parsons
This paper provides an introduction to alternative models of uncertain commodity prices. A model of commodity price movements is the engine around which any valuation methodology for commodity production projects is built, whether discounted cash flow (DCF) models or... View Details
Keywords: Asset Pricing; Goods and Commodities; Price; Risk and Uncertainty; Valuation; Production; Projects; Cash Flow
Baker, Malcolm, E. S. Mayfield, and John Parsons. "Alternative Models of Uncertain Commodity Prices for Use with Modern Asset Pricing Methods." Energy Journal 19, no. 1 (1998): 115–148.
- September 1991
- Case
All American Pipeline
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
Goodyear is nearing its first major capital commitments for the largest investment project in its history, the All American Pipeline. The pipeline will transport heavy crude oil from California to Texas. It is the centerpiece of a major program by Goodyear to diversify... View Details
Keywords: Capital; Financial Strategy; Business Startups; Diversification; Valuation; Standards; Supply Chain; Resource Allocation; Cash Flow; Mining Industry; California; Texas
Luehrman, Timothy A. "All American Pipeline." Harvard Business School Case 292-040, September 1991.
- February 1992 (Revised April 1993)
- Case
Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)
The Southern Co., an electric utility, is planning its compliance with the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. The Act established a system of tradeable permits for sulfur dioxide emissions. The company must decide whether to install pollution control equipment and... View Details
Keywords: Energy Generation; Business Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Cost vs Benefits; Financial Management; Strategic Planning; Investment Return; Government Legislation; Wastes and Waste Processing; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; United States
Reinhardt, Forest L. "Acid Rain: The Southern Co. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 792-060, February 1992. (Revised April 1993.)