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- All HBS Web
(1,714)
- News (136)
- Research (1,317)
- Events (6)
- Multimedia (3)
- Faculty Publications (888)
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- December 2013 (Revised April 2025)
- Case
The PGA Tour (A)
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Cole Magrath
In 1994, the PGA Tour (the "Tour"), the dominant incumbent professional golf circuit, had created tremendous value for its players. In the 1974 season, players competed for $8 million in prize money; by the 1994 season, the total prize purse had increased to $56... View Details
Keywords: PGA Tour; Tim Finchem; Deane Beman; Golf; Professional Golf; Business Model; Value Creation; Competition; Adaptation; Monopoly; Globalization; Sports; Business Strategy; Sports Industry; United States
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Cole Magrath. "The PGA Tour (A)." Harvard Business School Case 714-442, December 2013. (Revised April 2025.)
- June 2022
- Case
Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU
By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
In the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (the EU) had led the global fight against climate change with a wide array of policy measures. The EU’s primary approach to climate policy had been taxation via the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU... View Details
Keywords: Regulation; Carbon Emissions; Trade; Sustainability; Decarbonization; Performance; Climate Change; Analysis; Strategy; Taxation; Policy; Environmental Regulation; Industry Structures; European Union
Serafeim, George, and Benjamin Maletta. "Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU." Harvard Business School Case 122-106, June 2022.
- September 2021 (Revised December 2021)
- Case
Telepass: From Tolling to Mobility Platform
By: Chiara Farronato, Stefano Denicolai and Sarah Mehta
Telepass, until very recently the sole processor of electronic toll payments on Italy’s highways, has ambitions beyond tolling. Since the mid-2010s, the company has been expanding into adjacent services. In 2017, Telepass launched TelepassPay—a mobile payment... View Details
Keywords: Mobile Payment; App; Mobility Services; Analysis; Change; Change Management; Transformation; Transition; Innovation and Invention; Strategy; Information Technology; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Transportation; Transportation Networks; Value; Value Creation; Consumer Behavior; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Europe; Italy; Milan
Farronato, Chiara, Stefano Denicolai, and Sarah Mehta. "Telepass: From Tolling to Mobility Platform." Harvard Business School Case 622-011, September 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
- 2017
- Working Paper
Tort Reform and Innovation
By: Alberto Galasso and Hong Luo
Current academic and policy debates focus on the impact of tort reforms on physicians’ behavior and medical costs. This paper examines whether these reforms also affect incentives to develop new technologies. We develop a theoretical model which predicts that the... View Details
Keywords: Lawsuits and Litigation; Laws and Statutes; Innovation and Invention; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
Galasso, Alberto, and Hong Luo. "Tort Reform and Innovation." Working Paper, August 2017. (Accepted for publication in Journal of Law and Economics.)
- 2013
- Working Paper
An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay
By: Jillian Berry Jaeker and Anita Tucker
We use two years of inpatient data from 243 California hospitals to quantify the relationship between hospital-level workload and patient length of stay (LOS), and its "spillover" effects across patient types. Patients are categorized as medical or surgical, and the... View Details
Keywords: Workload; Processing Times; Healthcare; Working Conditions; Performance Productivity; Time Management; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry; California
Berry Jaeker, Jillian, and Anita Tucker. "An Empirical Study of the Spillover Effects of Workload on Patient Length of Stay." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-052, December 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
- Article
Strategies and Tactics in NGO-Government Relations: Insights from Slum Housing in Mumbai
By: Ramya Ramanath and Alnoor Ebrahim
Relationships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies have been variously described in the nonprofit literature as cooperative, complementary, adversarial, confrontational, or even co-optive. But how do NGO-government relationships emerge... View Details
Keywords: Cooperative Ownership; Housing; Corporate Strategy; Business and Government Relations; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Nonprofit Organizations; Change Management; Business Strategy; Growth and Development; Non-Governmental Organizations; Accommodations Industry; Mumbai
Ramanath, Ramya, and Alnoor Ebrahim. "Strategies and Tactics in NGO-Government Relations: Insights from Slum Housing in Mumbai." Nonprofit Management & Leadership 21, no. 1 (Fall 2010): 21–42.
- September 1987
- Background Note
What Do Venture Capitalists Do?
Presents the results derived from 49 responses to a questionnaire mailed to 100 venture capitalists in late 1984. The purpose of the survey was to shed light on the relationship between venture capitalists and their portfolio companies. The survey revealed that the... View Details
Keywords: Borrowing and Debt; Venture Capital; Investment Portfolio; Recruitment; Surveys; Managerial Roles; Service Operations; Relationships; Service Industry
Sahlman, William A. "What Do Venture Capitalists Do?" Harvard Business School Background Note 288-015, September 1987.
- 2023
- Working Paper
No Mask, No Service: Customer Reaction to Walmart’s 2020 National Mask Mandate
By: Innessa Colaiacovo
Multi-location firms face a complex series of economic tradeoffs when deciding whether to implement
standard processes or allow processes to vary across establishments. One element of this tradeoff is customer
response. This paper explores customer reaction to a... View Details
Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Geographic Location; Policy; Health Pandemics; Retail Industry; United States
Colaiacovo, Innessa. "No Mask, No Service: Customer Reaction to Walmart’s 2020 National Mask Mandate." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-004, July 2023. (Revise and Resubmit to Journal of Economics and Management Strategy.)
- March 17, 2021
- Other Article
Beyond Pajamas: Sizing Up the Pandemic Shopper
By: Ayelet Israeli, Eva Ascarza and Laura Castrillo
A first look at how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted e-commerce apparel shopping in the US and the UK. Extensive analysis and interactive graphics utilizing millions of transactions.
While the pandemic is still playing out, our preliminary investigations... View Details
While the pandemic is still playing out, our preliminary investigations... View Details
Keywords: Retail; Retail Analytics; Consumer; Pandemic; COVID; COVID-19; Apparel; Ecommerce; Online Shopping; Online Apparel; Online Sales; Returns; CRM; Customer Retention; Customer Experience; Customer Value; Digital; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customers; Health Pandemics; Consumer Behavior; Customer Relationship Management; Internet and the Web; Behavior; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States; United Kingdom
Israeli, Ayelet, Eva Ascarza, and Laura Castrillo. "Beyond Pajamas: Sizing Up the Pandemic Shopper." Harvard Business School Working Knowledge (March 17, 2021).
- September–October 2013
- Article
Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization
By: Adam M. Kleinbaum, Toby E. Stuart and Michael Tushman
Homophily in social relations results from both individual preferences and selective opportunities for interaction, but how these two mechanisms interact in large, contemporary organizations is not well understood. We argue that organizational structures and geography... View Details
Keywords: Familiarity; Interpersonal Communication; Information Technology; Organizational Structure; Social and Collaborative Networks; Gender; Information Technology Industry
Kleinbaum, Adam M., Toby E. Stuart, and Michael Tushman. "Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization." Organization Science 24, no. 5 (September–October 2013): 1316–1336.
- 21 Apr 2023
- Research & Ideas
The $15 Billion Question: Have Loot Boxes Turned Video Gaming into Gambling?
Camp. That same year, the US Federal Trade Commission said it would investigate loot boxes, which critics liken to a slot machine or a scratch ticket that's more accessible to children. The video game industry pushed back hard, arguing... View Details
- 2025
- Working Paper
How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions
By: Christian Kaps and Arielle Anderer
Learning curves, the fact that technologies improve as a function of cumulative experience or investment, are desirable-think inexpensive solar panels or higher performing semiconductors. But, for firms that need to pick one technology among several candidates, such as... View Details
Keywords: Learning Curve; Technology; Innovation; Batteries; Energy Storage; Sequential Decision Making; TELCO; Exploration; Exploitation; Problems and Challenges; Cost vs Benefits; Technology Adoption; Battery Industry
Kaps, Christian, and Arielle Anderer. "How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions." Working Paper, March 2025.
- November–December 2010
- Article
A Method for Defining Value in Healthcare Using Cancer Care as a Model
By: Thomas W. Feeley, Heidi Albright, Ronald Walters and Thomas W. Burke
Value-based healthcare delivery is being discussed in a variety of healthcare forums. This concept is of great importance in the reform of the US healthcare delivery system. Defining and applying the principles of value-based competition in healthcare delivery models... View Details
Keywords: Value Creation; Cancer Care In The U.S.; Healthcare; Health; Management; Measurement and Metrics; Health Industry; North and Central America
Feeley, Thomas W., Heidi Albright, Ronald Walters, and Thomas W. Burke. "A Method for Defining Value in Healthcare Using Cancer Care as a Model." Journal of Healthcare Management 55, no. 6 (November–December 2010): 399–412. (This article won the Edgar C. Hayhow Award from the American College of Healthcare Executive in 2012 as the article of the year in the Journal of Healthcare Management.)
- August 2007 (Revised November 2010)
- Case
Grand Central Publishing
By: Anita Elberse
In April 2007, Grand Central's publisher Jamie Raab and editor Karen Kosztolnyik were involved in a frantic bidding war for a proposed book on the life of cat Dewey, billed as the feline answer to the best-selling "Marley & Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst... View Details
Elberse, Anita. "Grand Central Publishing." Harvard Business School Case 508-036, August 2007. (Revised November 2010.)
- 2012
- Working Paper
Learning by Supplying
By: Juan Alcacer and Joanne Oxley
Learning processes lie at the heart of our understanding of how firms build capabilities to generate and sustain competitive advantage: learning by doing, learning by exporting, learning from competitors, users, and alliance partners. In this paper we focus attention... View Details
Keywords: Learning; Supply Chain; Competitive Advantage; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Competency and Skills; Relationships; Telecommunications Industry
Alcacer, Juan, and Joanne Oxley. "Learning by Supplying." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-093, April 2012.
- September 1991 (Revised December 1993)
- Case
Tombow Pencil Co. Ltd.
Tombow Pencil Co. Ltd., one of Japan's two premier pencil manufacturers, has been using a subcontractor network in order to respond to changing market conditions. The system currently faces a new challenge as Tombow moves to address a volatile business market for... View Details
Mishina, Kazuhiro. "Tombow Pencil Co. Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 692-011, September 1991. (Revised December 1993.)
- October 2015 (Revised October 2016)
- Case
Building Watson: Not So Elementary, My Dear! (Abridged)
By: Willy C. Shih
This case is set inside IBM Research's efforts to build a computer that can successfully take on human challengers playing the game show Jeopardy! It opens with the machine named Watson offering the incorrect answer "Toronto" to a seemingly simple question during the... View Details
Keywords: Analytics; Big Data; Business Analytics; Product Development Strategy; Machine Learning; Machine Intelligence; Artificial Intelligence; Product Development; AI and Machine Learning; Information Technology; Analytics and Data Science; Information Technology Industry; United States
Shih, Willy C. "Building Watson: Not So Elementary, My Dear! (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 616-025, October 2015. (Revised October 2016.)
- June 2010 (Revised July 2011)
- Case
Classic Knitwear and Guardian: A Perfect Fit?
By: John A. Quelch and Patricia Girardi
Classic Knitwear manufactures and distributes casual apparel, either unbranded or under a private-label brand name. Partly because Classic has no brand recognition with consumers, gross margins are low. To improve margins, the company considers partnering via a... View Details
Keywords: Market Research; Forecasting; Consumer Marketing; New Product Marketing; Product Lines; Merchandising; Branding; Demand and Consumers; Partners and Partnerships; Marketing Strategy; Forecasting and Prediction; Product Marketing; Brands and Branding; Product Development; Manufacturing Industry; Manufacturing Industry
Quelch, John A., and Patricia Girardi. "Classic Knitwear and Guardian: A Perfect Fit?" Harvard Business School Brief Case 104-217, June 2010. (Revised July 2011.)
- December 2011
- Article
How Do Acquirers Retain Successful Target CEOs? The Role of Governance
By: Julie Wulf and Harbir Singh
The resource-based view argues that acquisitions can build competitive advantage partially through retention of valuable human capital of the target firm. However, making commitments to retain and motivate successful top managers is a challenge when contracts are not... View Details
Keywords: Capital; Mergers and Acquisitions; Acquisition; Equity; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Contracts; Performance; Governance; Legal Services Industry
Wulf, Julie, and Harbir Singh. "How Do Acquirers Retain Successful Target CEOs? The Role of Governance." Management Science 57, no. 12 (December 2011): 2101–2114.
- December 2015 (Revised September 2016)
- Supplement
ANA (B)
By: Doug J. Chung and Mayuka Yamazaki
All Nippon Airways (ANA) became the largest airline in Japan in 2013. Having been designated as a domestic carrier by the Japanese government till the mid-1980s and Japan being the sixth largest domestic airline market, two-thirds of ANA’s passenger revenue came from... View Details
Keywords: Demand and Consumers; Analysis; Economics; Price; Marketing Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Product; Policy; Air Transportation Industry; Japan
Chung, Doug J., and Mayuka Yamazaki. "ANA (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 516-054, December 2015. (Revised September 2016.)