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  • October 1992 (Revised September 1996)
  • Case

McDonald's Corporation

By: David M. Upton and Joshua D. Margolis
McDonald's has over many years built an operating strategy based on consistency and quality through a limited product range. Competitive forces have drawn the company into a much wider variety of foods and services in order to maintain growth. Now, new competitors... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Problems and Challenges; Environmental Sustainability; Quality; Competitive Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Operations; Integration; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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Upton, David M., and Joshua D. Margolis. "McDonald's Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 693-028, October 1992. (Revised September 1996.)
  • May 2020
  • Case

Big Boom Beverages: Fight or Flight?

By: Stephen A. Greyser and William Ellet
Four college friends market a beverage that combines ingredients like those in a drink they consumed in college bars. It includes a caffeinated energy drink, malt liquor, and a soft drink flavoring. They launch the business, Big Boom Beverages (BBB), with their own... View Details
Keywords: Alcoholic Beverages; Energy Drinks; Regulation; Entrepreneurship; Ethics; Marketing Communications; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Reputation; Communication Strategy; Decision Making
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Greyser, Stephen A., and William Ellet. "Big Boom Beverages: Fight or Flight?" Harvard Business School Brief Case 920-557, May 2020.
  • Article

Divide and Conquer: Competing with Free Technology under Network Effects

By: Deishin Lee and Haim Mendelson
We study how a commercial firm competes with a free open source product. The market consists of two customer segments with different preferences and is characterized by positive network effects. The commercial firm makes product and pricing decisions to maximize its... View Details
Keywords: Profit; Product Launch; Network Effects; Open Source Distribution; Adoption; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage
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Lee, Deishin, and Haim Mendelson. "Divide and Conquer: Competing with Free Technology under Network Effects." Production and Operations Management 17, no. 1 (January–February 2008): 12–28.
  • 24 Jan 2024
  • Op-Ed

Why Boeing’s Problems with the 737 MAX Began More Than 25 Years Ago

in design and production with its newest jumbo jet, the 787 Dreamliner. Such frequent, repeated crises point to a deeper issue than isolated engineering mishaps. The underlying cause of these issues is a... View Details
Keywords: by Bill George; Air Transportation; Transportation; Aerospace
  • November 2020 (Revised March 2021)
  • Case

Amazon: Cult or Culture?

By: Boris Groysberg, Sarah L. Abbott and Tricia Gregg
Amazon was one of the first entrants in e-commerce. Under the leadership of founder Jeff Bezos, Amazon had expanded beyond books to manufacturing and selling a wide range of products and services globally. Bezos had built a customer-centric culture that permeated all... View Details
Keywords: Culture; Technology Companies; Retail; Human Resource Practices; Growth; Founder; Leadership; Organizational Culture; Growth Management; Information Technology; Human Resources; Talent and Talent Management; Retail Industry; Technology Industry
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Groysberg, Boris, Sarah L. Abbott, and Tricia Gregg. "Amazon: Cult or Culture?" Harvard Business School Case 421-008, November 2020. (Revised March 2021.)
  • July 2020 (Revised January 2021)
  • Case

Pattern Brands

By: Sunil Gupta, Elie Ofek and Julia Kelley
In March 2020, direct-to-consumer (DTC) company Pattern Brands needed to decide how to allocate resources across its different brands. Pattern Co-Founders Nick Ling and Emmett Shine hoped to avoid the pitfalls faced by some DTC companies—such as inability to scale and... View Details
Keywords: Direct-to-consumer; Brands and Branding; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Business Model; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Business Strategy; Diversification; Competitive Advantage; Consumer Products Industry; Consumer Products Industry; North and Central America; United States; New York (city, NY); New York (state, US)
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Gupta, Sunil, Elie Ofek, and Julia Kelley. "Pattern Brands." Harvard Business School Case 521-009, July 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
  • October 2016 (Revised November 2018)
  • Case

Indigo Agriculture

By: Marco Iansiti, Michael W. Toffel and Christine Snively
Indigo Agriculture had successfully developed and launched its first commercial product, microbe-enhanced cotton seeds, on an accelerated product development timeline. In late 2016, as the company was about to launch its second product, winter wheat, the management... View Details
Keywords: Product Development; Agribusiness; Science-Based Business; Operations; Management; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Technology Industry
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Iansiti, Marco, Michael W. Toffel, and Christine Snively. "Indigo Agriculture." Harvard Business School Case 617-020, October 2016. (Revised November 2018.)
  • August 2014
  • Case

Three Jays Corporation

By: Paul Marshall and Mark Davis
Brodie Arens is an MBA student and summer intern at Three Jays Corporation, a jam and jelly manufacturer in Michigan. Brodie's first assignment as an intern is to update the inventory and production planning system. Initially, he begins by updating the Economic Order... View Details
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Marshall, Paul, and Mark Davis. "Three Jays Corporation." Harvard Business School Brief Case 915-531, August 2014.
  • June 2018
  • Case

The Grommet in 2018

By: Lynda M. Applegate, Karen Gordon Mills and Lena Goldberg
The Grommet, an online product launch platform, was at the brink of scaling its business. The Grommet's daily launch and sale of innovative consumer products, using personal videos created by product makers, had led to its initial success. In 2014, the company launched... View Details
Keywords: Retail; Value Capture; Internet and the Web; Entrepreneurship; Product Launch; Value; Retail Industry
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Applegate, Lynda M., Karen Gordon Mills, and Lena Goldberg. "The Grommet in 2018." Harvard Business School Case 818-132, June 2018.
  • November 2005
  • Case

Inventec Corporation

By: Krishna G. Palepu and Ingrid Vargas
Inventec Corp., with $4.5 billion in annual revenues, was one of Taiwan's leading original design manufacturers (ODMs). Inventec designed and manufactured electronic products such as computers, servers, MP3 players, PDAs, and cellular telephones for client companies... View Details
Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Competitive Strategy; Emerging Markets; Manufacturing Industry; Electronics Industry; China; India
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Palepu, Krishna G., and Ingrid Vargas. "Inventec Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 106-016, November 2005.
  • February 2003 (Revised April 2006)
  • Case

Reaching the Bottom: UniGlobe's Small Local Stores Dilemma

By: Clayton M. Christensen and Lana Newishy
To distribute products to very small retailers in a very fragmented retail environment, the local subsidiary of a large consumer products company created an innovative distribution mechanism. The subsidiary's Small Local Stores division employed middlemen who... View Details
Keywords: Distribution Channels; Innovation and Invention; Consumer Products Industry; Philippines
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Christensen, Clayton M., and Lana Newishy. "Reaching the Bottom: UniGlobe's Small Local Stores Dilemma." Harvard Business School Case 603-114, February 2003. (Revised April 2006.)
  • April 1998 (Revised January 2007)
  • Case

Arrow Electronics, Inc.

By: Das Narayandas
Deals with the issue of cross-selling and managing a portfolio of products and services in business markets. Arrow/Schweber (A/S), a subsidiary of electronic parts distributor Arrow Electronics, has a portfolio of products that differ in the amount of value added by... View Details
Keywords: Distribution Channels; Internet and the Web; Problems and Challenges; Change Management; Electronics Industry
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Narayandas, Das. "Arrow Electronics, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 598-022, April 1998. (Revised January 2007.)
  • June 2015 (Revised August 2016)
  • Case

Apple's Future: Apple Watch, Apple TV, and/or Apple Car?

By: David B. Yoffie and Eric Baldwin
In 2015, Apple CEO Tim Cook knew that Apple, despite its phenomenal success, needed to continue to innovate in new product areas in order to continue its momentum into the future. This case explores three new (actual or potential) product offerings from Apple: the... View Details
Keywords: Strategy; Electronics; Innovation; Technology; Technological Innovation; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Emerging Markets; Growth and Development Strategy; Computer Industry; Retail Industry; Electronics Industry
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Yoffie, David B., and Eric Baldwin. "Apple's Future: Apple Watch, Apple TV, and/or Apple Car?" Harvard Business School Case 716-401, June 2015. (Revised August 2016.)

    Anita Elberse

    Anita Elberse is the Lincoln Filene Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School.

    Professor Elberse develops and teaches an MBA course covering the "Businesses of Entertainment, Media, and Sports," which ranks among the most sought-after... View Details

    Keywords: consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products; consumer products
    • October 2018
    • Article

    Competing with Complementors: An Empirical Look at Amazon.com

    By: Feng Zhu and Qihong Liu
    Platform owners sometimes enter complementors' product spaces to compete against them directly. Prior studies have offered two possible explanations for such entries: platform owners may target the most successful complementors so as to appropriate value from their... View Details
    Keywords: Amazon; Complementors; Co-opetition; Entry; Platform-based Markets; Competition; Digital Platforms; Competitive Strategy
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    Zhu, Feng, and Qihong Liu. "Competing with Complementors: An Empirical Look at Amazon.com." Strategic Management Journal 39, no. 10 (October 2018): 2618–2642.
    • April 2025
    • Teaching Note

    Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)

    By: Michael W. Toffel, Ken Pucker and Stacy Straaberg
    Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 622-024, 625-004, 625-005, and 625-702. The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider... View Details
    Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Business Startups; Initial Public Offering; Knowledge Sharing; Competitive Advantage; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
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    Toffel, Michael W., Ken Pucker, and Stacy Straaberg. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 625-006, April 2025.
    • April 1999 (Revised March 2000)
    • Background Note

    Discovering What Has Already Been Discovered: Why Did Your Customers Hire Your Product?

    By: Clayton M. Christensen
    Describes a methodology for identifying markets for new technologies and for defining the highest value attributes of new products or services. It helps innovators escape the trap of incremental improvements to established product concepts by asking a straightforward... View Details
    Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Markets; Product; Technology Adoption; Value
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    Christensen, Clayton M. "Discovering What Has Already Been Discovered: Why Did Your Customers Hire Your Product?" Harvard Business School Background Note 699-029, April 1999. (Revised March 2000.)
    • February 2022 (Revised April 2024)
    • Case

    Aleph Farms: A New Culture of Meat

    By: Elie Ofek and Jeff Huizinga
    Aleph Farms, an Israeli food-tech start-up, was hoping to play a major role in disrupting the conventional meat sector. Compared to intensive agricultural practices, Aleph’s cultured (or lab-grown) meat solution held the promise of considerably reducing greenhouse gas... View Details
    Keywords: Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Adoption; Go To Market Strategy; Industry Evolution; Food Industry; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Marketing Of Innovations; Brand Building; Capital Expenditures-equipment; Disruption; Green Technology; Environmental Sustainability; Food; Market Entry and Exit; Brands and Branding; Consumer Behavior; Competitive Strategy; Growth and Development Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry
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    Ofek, Elie, and Jeff Huizinga. "Aleph Farms: A New Culture of Meat." Harvard Business School Case 522-071, February 2022. (Revised April 2024.)
    • August 2019 (Revised March 2022)
    • Case

    Lemonade: Disrupting Insurance with Instant Everything, Killer Prices, and a Big Heart

    By: Elie Ofek and Danielle Golan
    Launching its first products in the fall of 2016 in New York, insurtech startup Lemonade was on a mission to disrupt the insurance market by using AI and behavioral economics principles. The company offered renters, homeowners, and condo insurance and mainly targeted... View Details
    Keywords: AI; Business Startups; Insurance; Technological Innovation; Business Model; Disruption; Brands and Branding; Growth and Development Strategy; Global Strategy; Decision Making; Insurance Industry; Technology Industry
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    Ofek, Elie, and Danielle Golan. "Lemonade: Disrupting Insurance with Instant Everything, Killer Prices, and a Big Heart." Harvard Business School Case 520-020, August 2019. (Revised March 2022.)
    • June 2014
    • Case

    Airgas, Inc.

    By: Eric Van den Steen and Jason Karl
    In 2013, Airgas was the market leader in packaged industrial gas distribution. Recent acquisitions had made it into a larger player in upstream gas production as well, where it competed with Praxair and Air Products. Should Airgas continue building a position in gas... View Details
    Keywords: Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Competency and Skills; Value Creation
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    Van den Steen, Eric, and Jason Karl. "Airgas, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 714-517, June 2014.
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