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      • January 2025
      • Technical Note

      AI vs Human: Analyzing Acceptable Error Rates Using the Confusion Matrix

      By: Tsedal Neeley and Tim Englehart
      This technical note introduces the confusion matrix as a foundational tool in artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs) for assessing the performance of classification models, focusing on their reliability for decision-making. A confusion matrix... View Details
      Keywords: Reliability; Confusion Matrix; AI and Machine Learning; Decision Making; Measurement and Metrics; Performance
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      Neeley, Tsedal, and Tim Englehart. "AI vs Human: Analyzing Acceptable Error Rates Using the Confusion Matrix." Harvard Business School Technical Note 425-049, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      Hippo: Weathering the Storm of the Home Insurance Crisis (B)

      By: Lauren Cohen, Grace Headinger and Sophia Pan
      Rick McCathron, CEO of Hippo, was optimistic about the InsurTech's path to profitability after navigating the financial uncertainties of 2022. By bundling their home insurance services with third-parties and established insurance incumbents, Hippo was adopting a... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Underwriters; Big Data; Homeowners' Insurance; Catastrophe Risk; Global Warming; Environment; Business Economics; Vertical Specialization; Bundling; Economies Of Scale; Business Model; Forecasting and Prediction; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Technological Innovation; Natural Environment; Natural Disasters; Weather; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Business Earnings; Insurance; Social Issues; Profit; Growth and Development Strategy; Insurance Industry; California; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Grace Headinger, and Sophia Pan. "Hippo: Weathering the Storm of the Home Insurance Crisis (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 225-051, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Netflix: Takedown Troubles

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Tom Quinn and Maxim Pike Harrell
      In October 2021, Netflix Co-CEO Ted Sarandos sent an all-staff email addressing backlash to comedian Dave Chappelle’s new stand-up special, The Closer. Released on October 5, the comedian’s depiction of the transgender community and other LGBTQ+ groups prompted... View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Satisfaction; Cost vs Benefits; Demographics; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Employees; Recruitment; Retention; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Strategic Planning; Adaptation; Decisions; Motion Pictures and Video Industry
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      Rose, Clayton S., Tom Quinn, and Maxim Pike Harrell. "Netflix: Takedown Troubles." Harvard Business School Case 325-021, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Young Minister Confronts the Challenges of Montgomery (B)

      By: Nien-hê Hsieh and Derek C. M. van Bever
      Recounts a pivotal moment in Martin Luther King Jr.'s life during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, where a profound prayer amidst threats to his life renewed his faith and resolve to lead the movement. This transformative experience marked the beginning of his lifelong... View Details
      Keywords: Spirituality; Civil Rights; Manging Uncertainty; Leadership; Decision Making; Values and Beliefs; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Power and Influence; Alabama
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      Hsieh, Nien-hê, and Derek C. M. van Bever. "Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Young Minister Confronts the Challenges of Montgomery (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 425-074, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service

      By: George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel and Stacy Straaberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 124-007. The Germany-based startup Vytal operated the largest digital-native reusable packaging-as-a-service network globally, having raised nearly €15 million, established a large network of restaurant partners, and prevented the use of... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Business Growth and Maturation; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Startups; Resource Allocation; Risk Management; Adoption; Strategy; Performance Productivity; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Supply Chain; Distribution; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Business Model; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Profit; Financing and Loans; Expansion; Green Technology Industry; Service Industry; Retail Industry; Germany; Europe
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      Serafeim, George, Michael W. Toffel, and Stacy Straaberg. "Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 125-003, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Reimagining the Employee Experience at the LEGO Group

      By: Amy Edmondson, Mark Mortensen and Elisabeth Powell
      In 2024, the LEGO Group faced a decision about the future of LEGO’s Benefits Experience Strategy and the “Best of Both” remote/hybrid work policy. With over 28,500 employees spanning global hubs, retail stores, and manufacturing plants, LEGO leaders had to consider... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Employee Relationship Management; Values and Beliefs; Organizational Culture; Alignment; Compensation and Benefits; Europe
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      Edmondson, Amy, Mark Mortensen, and Elisabeth Powell. "Reimagining the Employee Experience at the LEGO Group." Harvard Business School Case 625-088, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      A Tiger in the Tank: Exxon Sues Investors

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Sarah Sasso and James Weber
      In June 2024, investors were trying to make sense of ExxonMobil’s (Exxon) lawsuit against two impact investors, Arjuna Capital (Arjuna) and Follow This, that had just been dismissed by the U.S. District Court of Northern Texas. Exxon’s suit challenged the rights of two... View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Satisfaction; Decision Making; Demographics; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Employees; Recruitment; Retention; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Adaptation; Investment Activism; Lawsuits and Litigation; Business and Shareholder Relations; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; United States; Netherlands; Norway
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      Rose, Clayton S., Sarah Sasso, and James Weber. "A Tiger in the Tank: Exxon Sues Investors." Harvard Business School Case 325-015, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Shifting Winds: DEI in Corporate America

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and David Lane
      In the 2020s, intense and conflicting social and political pressures challenged organizational leaders around the world. Prominent among these were powerful competing views on workplace diversity, equity, and inclusion programs (DEI) in the United States. Public... View Details
      Keywords: Disruption; Leadership; Crisis Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Talent and Talent Management; Customer Satisfaction; Diversity; Ethics; Corporate Accountability; Employees; Retention; Recruitment; Adaptation; Programs; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; United States; Massachusetts; Maryland; Tennessee; District of Columbia
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      Rose, Clayton S., Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and David Lane. "Shifting Winds: DEI in Corporate America." Harvard Business School Case 325-017, January 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Food for Thought: Exiting Russia? (A)

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Hugo Etchegoyhen and Lena Duchene
      In September 2022, the French food companies Bonduelle and Danone each grappled with the difficult decision of whether to exit Russia following its invasion of Ukraine in February. Both companies were deeply embedded in Russia’s agricultural supply chains and local... View Details
      Keywords: Business Exit or Shutdown; Ethics; Market Entry and Exit; Public Opinion; War; Food and Beverage Industry; Europe; France; Russia
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      Rose, Clayton S., Hugo Etchegoyhen, and Lena Duchene. "Food for Thought: Exiting Russia? (A)." Harvard Business School Case 325-084, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Apax Partners: Deciding Whether to Bid for Trader Corp.

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
      Apax Partners’ investment committee was schedule to meet on March 21, 2011, to decide whether to invest in Trader Corporation, a Canadian classified advertising business for used automobiles with both print (magazines) and digital (website) distribution. What made this... View Details
      Keywords: Value Creation; Network Effects; Private Equity; Growth Management; Digital Marketing; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; E-commerce; Valuation; Competition; Digital Platforms; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Transition; Investment; Risk and Uncertainty; Advertising Industry; Auto Industry; Information Industry; Canada; United Kingdom; New York (state, US); New York (city, NY)
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Apax Partners: Deciding Whether to Bid for Trader Corp." Harvard Business School Case 225-032, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Cyber Oversight: SolarWinds Board of Directors

      By: Lynn S. Paine
      In 2020, just two years after its IPO, information technology company SolarWinds discovered that it was the victim of an attack on its information systems by Russian hackers. The incident, known as the Sunburst attack, was costly for the company, and certain... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Corporate Accountability; Governing and Advisory Boards; Cybersecurity; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Business and Shareholder Relations; Risk Management; Information Technology Industry; United States; Texas; Delaware
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      Paine, Lynn S. "Cyber Oversight: SolarWinds Board of Directors." Harvard Business School Case 325-080, January 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Mercado Libre: The Best Is Yet to Come

      By: Krishna G. Palepu, Fernando Fragueiro, Carla Larangeira and Mariana Cal
      In 2024, Marcos Galperín, CEO and co-founder of Mercado Libre, reflected on its 25-year rise as Latin America’s largest marketplace, fintech leader, and most valuable public company. With operations spanning 18 countries and a robust ecosystem combining e-commerce,... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Multinational Firms and Management; Recruitment; Compensation and Benefits; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Leadership Style; Business or Company Management; Management Practices and Processes; Management Succession; E-commerce; Emerging Markets; Distribution; Logistics; Organizational Culture; Organizational Design; Business Strategy; Competition; Growth and Development Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; Retail Industry; Latin America; Mexico; Brazil; Argentina
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      Palepu, Krishna G., Fernando Fragueiro, Carla Larangeira, and Mariana Cal. "Mercado Libre: The Best Is Yet to Come." Harvard Business School Case 325-065, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2025
      • Case

      A Winning Strategy (A): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating

      By: Rebecca Karp, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon and Tom Quinn
      This case describes two innovators in the Olympic sport of speed skating: the U.S. Men’s team, which devised a new approach to the team pursuit event following their disappointing performance in the 2018 Winter Olympics; and Nils van der Poel, a Swedish skater who... View Details
      Keywords: Sports; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Knowledge Sharing; Sports Industry; United States; Sweden; Netherlands; Norway
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      Karp, Rebecca, Maria Roche, Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon, and Tom Quinn. "A Winning Strategy (A): Innovation in Olympic Speed Skating." Harvard Business School Case 725-391, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Article

      Communication Within Firms: Evidence from CEO Turnovers

      By: Stephen Michael Impink, Andrea Prat and Raffaella Sadun
      This paper uses novel, firm-level communication measures derived from communications metadata several months before and after a CEO transition for 102 firms to study whether and how this organizational event is reflected in employees’ communication flows. We find that... View Details
      Keywords: Information; Communication; Management Succession; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Alignment
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      Impink, Stephen Michael, Andrea Prat, and Raffaella Sadun. "Communication Within Firms: Evidence from CEO Turnovers." Management Science 71, no. 1 (January 2025): 470–487.
      • 2025
      • Article

      Statistical Inference for Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Discovered by Generic Machine Learning in Randomized Experiments

      By: Kosuke Imai and Michael Lingzhi Li
      Researchers are increasingly turning to machine learning (ML) algorithms to investigate causal heterogeneity in randomized experiments. Despite their promise, ML algorithms may fail to accurately ascertain heterogeneous treatment effects under practical settings with... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Mathematical Methods; Analytics and Data Science
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      Imai, Kosuke, and Michael Lingzhi Li. "Statistical Inference for Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Discovered by Generic Machine Learning in Randomized Experiments." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 43, no. 1 (2025): 256–268.
      • December 2024
      • Supplement

      Northvolt: Building Batteries to Fight Climate Change (B)

      By: George Serafeim, Debora L. Spar, Peter Tufano, Hugo Etchegoyhen and Emilie Billaud
      The (B) case explores Northvolt’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing on November 21, 2024, highlighting the company’s struggles to scale operations amid a global EV market slowdown and internal production challenges. While the (A) case detailed Northvolt’s ambitious... View Details
      Keywords: Batteries; Electric Vehicles; Climate Change; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Energy; Green Technology; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Investment; Technological Innovation; Risk Management; Failure; Business and Government Relations; Business and Shareholder Relations; Transportation; Green Technology Industry; Europe; Sweden
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      Serafeim, George, Debora L. Spar, Peter Tufano, Hugo Etchegoyhen, and Emilie Billaud. "Northvolt: Building Batteries to Fight Climate Change (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 325-083, December 2024.
      • December 2024
      • Supplement

      Core Innovation Capital: Investing in Fintech for Good (B)

      By: Ray Kluender, Natalia Rigol, Benjamin Roth and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In 2017, Core Innovation Capital invested $725,000 in Hugo Insurance, a pay-as-you-drive auto insurance startup targeting the non-standard market. Core followed with $300,000 in 2019 during a Seed II round. By 2022, Hugo founder, David Bergendahl, sought $10 million in... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Venture Capital; Social Entrepreneurship; Insurance; Measurement and Metrics; Investment; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; Insurance Industry; United States
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      Kluender, Ray, Natalia Rigol, Benjamin Roth, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Core Innovation Capital: Investing in Fintech for Good (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 825-094, December 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Climate Solutions, Transition Risk, and Stock Returns

      By: Shirley Lu, Edward J. Riedl, Simon Xu and George Serafeim
      Using large language models to measure firms' climate solution products and services, we find that high-climate solution firms exhibit lower stock returns and higher market valuation multiples. Their stock prices respond positively to events signaling increased demand... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Generative Ai; Large Language Models; Climate Finance; Climate Change; Innovation and Invention; Environmental Sustainability; AI and Machine Learning; Investment; Financial Markets
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      Lu, Shirley, Edward J. Riedl, Simon Xu, and George Serafeim. "Climate Solutions, Transition Risk, and Stock Returns." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-024, November 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Hidden Risk

      By: Daniel Barth, Phillip Monin, Emil Siriwardane and Adi Sunderam
      Since 2013, large U.S. hedge fund advisers have been required to report risk exposures in their regulatory filings. Using these data, we first establish that managers’ perceptions of risk contain useful information that is not embedded in fund returns. Investor flows... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Disclosure; Investment Funds; Risk and Uncertainty; Investment Return; Communication Strategy; Financial Services Industry
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      Barth, Daniel, Phillip Monin, Emil Siriwardane, and Adi Sunderam. "Hidden Risk." Working Paper, November 2024.
      • November 2024 (Revised December 2024)
      • Case

      Moonfare and the Democratization of Private Equity

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Srimayi Mylavarapu
      Founded in 2016, Moonfare headquartered in Europe, was a pioneer in the “democratization” of private equity investments. Historically, private equity was accessible only to institutional investors like pension funds, endowments, sovereign wealth funds, and large family... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Customers; Wealth; Business Strategy; Segmentation; Technological Innovation; Product Launch; Financial Services Industry; Europe
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Srimayi Mylavarapu. "Moonfare and the Democratization of Private Equity." Harvard Business School Case 225-044, November 2024. (Revised December 2024.)
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