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- All HBS Web (400)
- Faculty Publications (76)
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- 2008
- Working Paper
CPC/CPA Hybrid Bidding in a Second Price Auction
By: Benjamin Edelman and Hoan Lee
We develop a model of online advertising in which each advertiser chooses from multiple advertising measurement metrics—paying either for each click on its ads (CPC), or for each purchase that follows an ad-click (CPA). Our analysis extends classic auction results by... View Details
Keywords: Online Advertising; Auctions; Bids and Bidding; Measurement and Metrics; Quality; Mathematical Methods; Web Sites
Edelman, Benjamin, and Hoan Lee. "CPC/CPA Hybrid Bidding in a Second Price Auction." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-074, December 2008.
- Article
Consumers' Misunderstanding of Health Insurance
By: George Loewenstein, Joelle Y. Friedman, Barbara McGill, Sarah Ahmad, Suzanne Linck, Stacey Sinkula, John Beshears, James J. Choi, Jonathan Kolstad, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, John A. List and Kevin G. Volpp
We report results from two surveys of representative samples of Americans with private health insurance. The first examines how well Americans understand, and believe they understand, traditional health insurance coverage. The second examines whether those insured... View Details
Keywords: Behavioral Economics; Simplification; Insurance; Consumer Behavior; Health Care and Treatment; Cognition and Thinking; Insurance Industry; Health Industry; United States
Loewenstein, George, Joelle Y. Friedman, Barbara McGill, Sarah Ahmad, Suzanne Linck, Stacey Sinkula, John Beshears, James J. Choi, Jonathan Kolstad, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, John A. List, and Kevin G. Volpp. "Consumers' Misunderstanding of Health Insurance." Journal of Health Economics 32, no. 5 (September 2013): 850–862.
- Article
Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Happiness
By: A.V. Whillans, Aaron C. Weidman and Elizabeth W. Dunn
How do the trade-offs that we make about two of our most valuable resources—time and money—shape happiness? While past research has documented the immediate consequences of thinking about time and money, research has not yet examined whether people’s general... View Details
Whillans, A.V., Aaron C. Weidman, and Elizabeth W. Dunn. "Valuing Time Over Money Is Associated with Greater Happiness." Social Psychological & Personality Science 7, no. 3 (April 2016): 213–222.
- 2015
- Working Paper
Understanding Conformity: An Experimental Investigation
By: B. Douglas Bernheim and Christine L Exley
Some theories of conformity hold that social equilibrium either standardizes inferences or promotes a shared understanding of conventions and norms among individuals with fixed heterogeneous preferences (belief mechanisms). Others depict tastes as fluid and hence... View Details
Keywords: Conformity; Norms; Image Motivation; Prosocial Behavior; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Standards
Bernheim, B. Douglas, and Christine L Exley. "Understanding Conformity: An Experimental Investigation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-070, December 2015.
- September–October 2013
- Article
The Dynamic Advertising Effect of Collegiate Athletics
By: Doug J. Chung
I measure the spillover effect of intercollegiate athletics on the quantity and quality of applicants to institutions of higher education in the United States, popularly known as the "Flutie Effect." I treat athletic success as a stock of goodwill that decays over... View Details
Keywords: Choice Modeling; Entertainment Marketing; Heterogeneity; Panel Data; Structural Modeling; Rights; Analytics and Data Science; Higher Education; Ethics; Consumer Behavior; Advertising; Sports; Advertising Industry; Education Industry
Chung, Doug J. "The Dynamic Advertising Effect of Collegiate Athletics." Marketing Science 32, no. 5 (September–October 2013): 679–698. (Lead article. Featured in HBS Working Knowledge.)
- July 2024
- Article
The Home State Effect: How Subnational Governments Shape Climate Coalitions
By: Jonas Meckling and Samuel Trachtman
Organized business interests often seek to block public interest regulations. But whether firms oppose regulation depends on institutional context. We argue that, in federal systems, sub-national policies and politics can have a home state effect on firms' national... View Details
Meckling, Jonas, and Samuel Trachtman. "The Home State Effect: How Subnational Governments Shape Climate Coalitions." Governance 37, no. 3 (July 2024): 887–905.
- 2011
- Working Paper
When Smaller Menus Are Better: Variability in Menu-Setting Ability
Are large menus better than small menus? Recent literature argues that individuals' apparent preference for smaller menus can be explained by choosers' behavioral biases or informational limitations. These explanations imply that absent behavioral or informational... View Details
Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Decision Choices and Conditions; Investment; Investment Portfolio; Size; Quality
Goldreich, David, and Hanna Halaburda. "When Smaller Menus Are Better: Variability in Menu-Setting Ability." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-086, February 2011. (Revised April 2011, August 2011, December 2011.)
- 24 Jul 2000
- Research & Ideas
Value Maximization and Stakeholder Theory
we measure better versus worse? Even more simply, How do we keep score? "At the economy wide or social level," he continues, "the issue is the following: If we could dictate the criterion or objective function to be... View Details
Keywords: by Michael C. Jensen
- 29 Apr 2013
- Working Paper Summaries
Exclusive Preferential Placement as Search Diversion: Evidence from Flight Search
- August 2024
- Article
Partisans neither Expect nor Receive Reputational Rewards for Sharing Falsehoods over Truth Online.
By: Isaias Ghezae, Jillian J. Jordan, Izzy Gainsburg, Mohsen Mosleh, Gordon Pennycook, Robb Willer and David Rand
A frequently invoked explanation for the sharing of false over true political information is that partisans are motivated by their reputations. In particular, it is often argued that by indiscriminately sharing news that is favorable to one’s political party,... View Details
Ghezae, Isaias, Jillian J. Jordan, Izzy Gainsburg, Mohsen Mosleh, Gordon Pennycook, Robb Willer, and David Rand. "Partisans neither Expect nor Receive Reputational Rewards for Sharing Falsehoods over Truth Online." PNAS Nexus 3, no. 8 (August 2024).
- Article
What Makes a Critic Tick? Connected Authors and the Determinants of Book Reviews
By: Loretti I. Dobrescu, Michael Luca and Alberto Motta
This paper investigates the determinants of expert reviews in the book industry. Reviews are determined not only by the quality of the product, but also by the incentives of the media outlet providing the review. For example, a media outlet may have the incentive to... View Details
Dobrescu, Loretti I., Michael Luca, and Alberto Motta. "What Makes a Critic Tick? Connected Authors and the Determinants of Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 96 (December 2013): 85–103.
- 09 Jul 2024
- Research & Ideas
Chance Encounters: What's at Stake in Return-to-Office Decisions
home. But they also used real numbers to measure productivity and saw the exact opposite in the non-subjective evaluations, so there was a disconnect between what was perceived to be going on by employees vs. what the actual numbers were... View Details
- 2025
- Working Paper
Partisan Corporate Speech
By: William Cassidy and Elisabeth Kempf
We construct a novel measure of partisan corporate speech using natural language
processing techniques and use it to establish three stylized facts. First, the volume
of partisan corporate speech has risen sharply between 2012 and 2022. Second, this
increase has... View Details
Keywords: Natural Language Processing; Perspective; Communication; Public Opinion; Business and Shareholder Relations; Trends
Cassidy, William, and Elisabeth Kempf. "Partisan Corporate Speech." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 05-056, May 2025.
- 2022
- Working Paper
How Do Investors Value ESG?
By: Malcolm Baker, Mark Egan and Suproteem K. Sarkar
Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives have risen to near the top of the agenda for corporate executives and boards, driven in large part by their perceptions of shareholder interest. We quantify the value that shareholders place on ESG using a revealed... View Details
Keywords: Investment; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations; Environmental Sustainability; Governance; Financial Services Industry; United States
Baker, Malcolm, Mark Egan, and Suproteem K. Sarkar. "How Do Investors Value ESG?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30708, December 2022. (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-028, November 2022.)
- 2006
- Article
Capital Budgeting: The Role of Cost Allocations
By: Ian D. Gow and Stefan Reichelstein
A common issue for firms is how to allocate capital resources to various investment alternatives. An extensive and long-standing literature in finance has examined various aspects of capital budgeting, including capital constraints, the determination of discount rates,... View Details
Keywords: Capital Budgeting; Resource Allocation; Performance Evaluation; Cost Management; Research; Investment; Cash Flow; Risk Management; Performance Capacity
Gow, Ian D., and Stefan Reichelstein. "Capital Budgeting: The Role of Cost Allocations." Operations Research Proceedings (2006): 115–122.
- 2010
- Working Paper
Trade Policy and Firm Boundaries
By: Laura Alfaro, Paola Conconi, Harald Fadinger and Andrew F. Newman
We study how trade policy affects firms' ownership structures. We embed an incomplete contracts model of vertical integration choices into a standard perfectly-competitive international trade framework. Integration decisions are driven by a trade-off between the... View Details
- 2013
- Working Paper
The Auditing Oligopoly and Lobbying on Accounting Standards
By: Abigail M. Allen, Karthik Ramanna and Sugata Roychowdhury
We examine how the tightening of the U.S. auditing oligopoly over the last twenty-five years—from the Big 8 to the Big 6, the Big 5, and, then, the Big 4—has affected the incentives of the Big N, as manifest in their lobbying preferences on accounting standards. We... View Details
Allen, Abigail M., Karthik Ramanna, and Sugata Roychowdhury. "The Auditing Oligopoly and Lobbying on Accounting Standards." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-054, December 2012. (Revised August 2013.)
- 2013
- Working Paper
What Makes a Critic Tick? Connected Authors and the Determinants of Book Reviews
By: Loretti I. Dobrescu, Michael Luca and Alberto Motta
This paper investigates the determinants of expert reviews in the book industry. Reviews are determined not only by the quality of the product, but also by the incentives of the media outlet providing the review. For example, a media outlet may have the incentive to... View Details
Dobrescu, Loretti I., Michael Luca, and Alberto Motta. "What Makes a Critic Tick? Connected Authors and the Determinants of Book Reviews." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-080, March 2012. (Revise and Resubmit, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization; Revised August 2013.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
How to Fix ESG Reporting
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
Investors, advocacy groups, academics, and the 200 CEOs of the US Business Roundtable have asked corporations to take on an added purpose beyond a narrow pursuit of shareholder value. In response, many companies now issue ESG (Environmental, Societal, and Governance)... View Details
Keywords: ESG Reporting; Sustainability; Corporate Purpose; Greenhouse Gas; Activity-Based Costing; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Measurement and Metrics; Goals and Objectives; Agreements and Arrangements; Corporate Accountability
Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "How to Fix ESG Reporting." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-005, July 2021.
- 2024
- Working Paper
A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?
By: Paula Rettl, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi and Sergi Pardos-Prado
The growing participation of women in the labor market has marked a significant societal transformation, coinciding with the rise of gender conservatism and far-right support. We study whether the economic consequences of labor market feminization and gender backlash... View Details
Keywords: Gender Bias; Gender Equality; Gender Inclusivity; Politics; Political Backlash; Political Culture; Conservatism; Gender; Government and Politics; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Labor
Rettl, Paula, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi, and Sergi Pardos-Prado. "A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-022, November 2024.