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  • 2010
  • Book

The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal

By: Noel Maurer and Carlos Yu
On August 15, 1914, the Panama Canal was officially opened for business, thus changing the face of both world trade and military power and playing a pivotal role in the rise of the United States on the world stage. Today we view the creation of the Panama Canal as a... View Details
Keywords: Political History; For-Profit Firms; Development Economics; Infrastructure; State Ownership; Ship Transportation; Panama; United States
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Maurer, Noel, and Carlos Yu. The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal. Princeton University Press, 2010.
  • 09 May 2017
  • What Do You Think?

Should Management Be Primarily Responsible to Shareholders?

School Professor Sumantra Ghoshal questioned whether shareholders are even “owners” in the common sense of that term. As he put it, “If the value creation is achieved by combining the resources of both... View Details
Keywords: by James Heskett
  • February 2019 (Revised September 2021)
  • Case

The a2 Milk Company

By: Benjamin C. Esty and Daniel Fisher
The a2 Milk Company (a2MC) became the most valuable company listed on the New Zealand stock exchange in 2018 by capitalizing on a biochemical discovery related to the protein composition of cow's milk. Because many people find the A1 protein difficult to digest, and... View Details
Keywords: Judo Economics; Market Entry; Innovation; Barriers To Response; Industry Attractiveness; Advantage Horizon; Sustainability; First-mover Advantage; Scope; Strategy Execution; Strategic Evolution; Biochemistry; Genetics; Branding; Commodity; Milk; Dairy; Infant Formula; Farming; Porter's Five Forces; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Competition; Disruption; Innovation and Invention; Five Forces Framework; Market Entry and Exit
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Esty, Benjamin C., and Daniel Fisher. "The a2 Milk Company." Harvard Business School Case 719-424, February 2019. (Revised September 2021.)
  • Web

Academics - Health Care

the Harvard community. Elective Courses Elective health care-focused courses will vary from year to year. Upcoming HBS course offerings include: Innovating in Health Care: Field Course Problems with health care quality, access, and costs bedevil all countries. This... View Details
  • 20 Aug 2020
  • Book

From the Plow to the Pill: How Technology Shapes Our Lives

For centuries, the creation of innovative technology—from steam engines and automobiles to computers and smartphones—has dramatically changed the nature of our work. Less deeply understood has been the impact of technology on the inner currents of our personal lives,... View Details
Keywords: by Dina Gerdeman
  • January 2025
  • Case

Apax Partners: Deciding Whether to Bid for Trader Corp.

By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
Apax Partners’ investment committee was schedule to meet on March 21, 2011, to decide whether to invest in Trader Corporation, a Canadian classified advertising business for used automobiles with both print (magazines) and digital (website) distribution. What made this... View Details
Keywords: Value Creation; Network Effects; Private Equity; Growth Management; Digital Marketing; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; E-commerce; Valuation; Competition; Digital Platforms; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Transition; Investment; Risk and Uncertainty; Advertising Industry; Auto Industry; Information Industry; Canada; United Kingdom; New York (state, US); New York (city, NY)
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Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Apax Partners: Deciding Whether to Bid for Trader Corp." Harvard Business School Case 225-032, January 2025.
  • October 19, 2021
  • Article

The Facebook Trap

By: Andy Wu
Facebook has a clear mission: Connect everyone in the world. Clarity is good, but in Facebook’s case, it has also put the company in a bind because the mission—and the company’s vision for creating value through network effects—has also become the source of its biggest... View Details
Keywords: Business And Society; Mission and Purpose; Network Effects; Value Creation; Corporate Accountability; Strategy
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Wu, Andy. "The Facebook Trap." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (October 19, 2021).
  • February 2021 (Revised June 2021)
  • Case

Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO

By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
During the 1980s, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and the private equity (PE) firms responsible for carrying them out revolutionized both investment and management in the U.S. Between 1980 and 1989, buyout activity in the U.S. surged from $1 billion per year to $60 billion.... View Details
Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Restructuring; Borrowing and Debt; Private Equity; Bonds; Investment Return; Institutional Investing; Profit Sharing; Business History; Management Style; Private Ownership; Performance Effectiveness; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry; United States
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Nicholas, Tom, and John Masko. "Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO." Harvard Business School Case 821-016, February 2021. (Revised June 2021.)

    Benson P. Shapiro

    Benson P. Shapiro is a well-known authority on marketing strategy and sales management with particular interests in pricing, product line planning, and marketing organization. He is also the Malcolm P. McNair Professor of Marketing Emeritus at the Harvard Business... View Details

    Keywords: apparel; banking; beauty products; brokerage; chemical; computer; consulting; e-commerce industry; electrical equipment; electronics; financial services; food; high technology; industrial goods; information; information technology industry; internet; investment banking industry; manufacturing; marketing industry; metals; plastics; printing; professional services; software; steel; telecommunications; wholesale
    • 16 Jul 2012
    • Research & Ideas

    Are You a Strategist?

    reinforcing parts. Rich in organizational detail, and anchored on purpose, such systems of value creation "make strategy the animating force in a company," says Montgomery. "They're the crucial link between... View Details
    Keywords: by Carmen Nobel
    • January 2018
    • Case

    Peak Games: Hiring Priorities in Times of Rapid Growth (A)

    By: William R. Kerr and Gamze Yucaoglu
    Sidar Şahin, founder and CEO of Peak Games, a Turkey-based global mobile gaming company, must decide on the final list of candidates for the critical global marketing director position the company has been trying to fill for over a year. Since its founding in 2010,... View Details
    Keywords: Recruiting; Staffing; Emergent Countries; Entrepreneurial Management; Private Sector; Business Strategy; Decision; Growth Management; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Selection and Staffing; Talent and Talent Management; Business Model; Growth and Development Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Value Creation; Organizational Culture; Decision Choices and Conditions; Technology Industry; Turkey
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    Kerr, William R., and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Peak Games: Hiring Priorities in Times of Rapid Growth (A)." Harvard Business School Case 818-083, January 2018.
    • February 2022
    • Supplement

    SpartanNash Company: The Amazon Warrants (A)

    By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
    As of 12/31/21, Amazon held $22 billion of equity and warrants in related companies. In fact, it often requests a free grant of warrants when it enters into a new commercial agreement with a supplier. Over the past 20 years, Amazon has gotten warrants almost 20... View Details
    Keywords: Valuation; Value Creation; Consumer Behavior; Negotiation; Distribution; Ownership; Partners and Partnerships; Business Strategy; Equity; Distribution Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States
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    Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "SpartanNash Company: The Amazon Warrants (A)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 222-704, February 2022.
    • Web

    Entrepreneurial Management Curriculum - Faculty & Research

    managers at all types of organizations (e.g., small companies, large companies, non-profits, and public servants) become more effective at enhancing the value of those organizations. HBS professor Ken Andrews described three roles for the... View Details
    • 2019
    • Chapter

    Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)

    By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
    Return on invested capital (ROIC) is a financial measure of the profitability of a firm or business unit. If it is greater than the business's cost of capital, then reinvestment of earnings increases shareholder VALUE. The ROIC also determines a maximum self-sustaining... View Details
    Keywords: Capital Efficiency; Dupont Analysis; Financial Metrics; Schumpeterian Competition; Sustainable Growth; Competitive Advantage; Financial Strategy; Resource Allocation; Valuation; Value Creation
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    Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management. Continuously updated edition, edited by Mie Augier and David J. Teece. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Electronic. (Pre-published, October 2013.)
    • Web

    Business for Social Impact | Social Enterprise | Harvard Business School

    the publication of a book, the development of an MBA elective course on Business at the Base of the Pyramid, and the creation of an executive education program for leaders in the microfinance industry. Today, SEI continues to examine the... View Details
    • January 2017 (Revised March 2017)
    • Case

    SIN Capital and the Fullerton Health IPO

    By: Josh Lerner and Ann Leamon
    In early 2016, David Sin, founder of the Singapore-based private equity group SIN Capital and chairman of its primary holding, Fullerton Health, was deeply involved in preparations for taking Fullerton public on the Singapore stock exchange. Three years after SIN... View Details
    Keywords: Healthcare; Asia; IPO; Financing; Singapore; Growth; Health Care and Treatment; Private Equity; Initial Public Offering; Financing and Loans; Strategy; Value Creation; Growth and Development Strategy; Health Industry; Singapore
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    Lerner, Josh, and Ann Leamon. "SIN Capital and the Fullerton Health IPO." Harvard Business School Case 817-030, January 2017. (Revised March 2017.)
    • July 2022
    • Case

    Bringing Ideas to Life: The Story of Paul English

    By: Youngme Moon, Frances X. Frei and F. Katelynn Boland
    Paul English is one of the most imaginative innovators of his generation. This case explores his process of creative idea generation. The case includes an exercise for students to generate value-creating ideas from scratch. View Details
    Keywords: Innovation & Entrepreneurship; Idea Generation; Founder; Startup; Imagination; Innovation and Invention; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Creativity; Value Creation
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    Moon, Youngme, Frances X. Frei, and F. Katelynn Boland. "Bringing Ideas to Life: The Story of Paul English." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 322-709, July 2022. (Click here to access this case.)
    • July 2009 (Revised May 2010)
    • Case

    Pfizer: Letter from the Chairman (A)

    By: Robert L. Simons and Natalie Kindred
    This case explores maximizing shareholder value as a goal in executive decision making. Over a period of nine years, three different Pfizer CEOs make critical decisions intended to increase shareholder value. But the results are disappointing. To allow students to... View Details
    Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Annual Reports; Business and Shareholder Relations; Value Creation; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States
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    Simons, Robert L., and Natalie Kindred. "Pfizer: Letter from the Chairman (A)." Harvard Business School Case 110-003, July 2009. (Revised May 2010.)
    • 01 Nov 1999
    • Research & Ideas

    John H. Patterson and the Sales Strategy of the National Cash Register Company, 1884 to 1922

    knew of them. The first N.C.R. sales script was the creation of Patterson's brother-in-law Joseph H. Crane. "How I Sell National Cash Registers," which became known as the Primer, contained instructions not only on what salesmen... View Details
    Keywords: by Walter A. Friedman
    • August 2019 (Revised September 2021)
    • Background Note

    Analytical Tools in Private Equity: Return Bridge

    By: Victoria Ivashina and Abhijit Tagade
    This note explains the rationale and derivation behind “return bridge,” a key analytical tool used in the private equity industry to understand sources of value-add. The note elaborates on the advantages and the shortcomings of the return bridge. View Details
    Keywords: Return Bridge; Private Equity; Value Creation; Analysis
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    Ivashina, Victoria, and Abhijit Tagade. "Analytical Tools in Private Equity: Return Bridge." Harvard Business School Background Note 220-019, August 2019. (Revised September 2021.) (Prof. Ivashina is using this note for course this semester.)
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