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  • March 1990 (Revised October 1999)
  • Case

Turner Construction Company: Project Management Control Systems

By: Robert L. Simons and Hilary Weston
After providing a brief overview of Turner Construction Co.'s structure and project work, the case gives a detailed description of its project management control system, the IOR system. In addition to explaining the mechanics of the IOR system, the case identifies the... View Details
Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Cost Management; Performance Evaluation; Risk Management; Strategic Planning; Planning; Management Systems; Management Teams; Construction Industry
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Simons, Robert L., and Hilary Weston. "Turner Construction Company: Project Management Control Systems." Harvard Business School Case 190-128, March 1990. (Revised October 1999.)
  • 2014
  • Working Paper

Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture

By: Carliss Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and John Rusnak
In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for characterising the architecture of complex technical systems and demonstrate its application to a large sample of software releases. Our methodology is based upon directed network graphs, which allows us to... View Details
Keywords: Complexity; Applications and Software; Product Design
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Baldwin, Carliss, Alan MacCormack, and John Rusnak. "Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-093, May 2013. (Revised April 2014.)
  • May 1988
  • Background Note

Roles and Relationships of Business and Government

By: George C. Lodge
Synthesizes a wide range of literature and experience concerning comparative government-business relations, focusing especially on Japan, Europe, and the United States with some references to Brazil and Mexico. Designed for discussion in two consecutive class sessions.... View Details
Keywords: Economic Systems; Framework; Government and Politics; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Structure; Business and Government Relations; Mathematical Methods; System; Japan; Europe; Mexico; United States; Brazil
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Lodge, George C. "Roles and Relationships of Business and Government." Harvard Business School Background Note 388-159, May 1988.
  • December 16, 2019
  • Article

Why Your Startup Won't Last

By: Ranjay Gulati and Vasundhara Sawhney
Why do some startups that have crossed the threshold of “product-market fit” and have a viable business model still fail? This article begins by exploring the argument that most startups need more professionalization to thrive. Founders resist putting in place... View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Organizational Structure; Growth and Development Strategy
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Gulati, Ranjay, and Vasundhara Sawhney. "Why Your Startup Won't Last." HBR Ascend (December 16, 2019).
  • March 2010 (Revised October 2018)
  • Case

Toby Johnson (A): Leading After School

By: Boris Groysberg, Leslie Danford, Amy Lodge and Tereh Sayles
After completing her MBA in 2007, Toby Johnson, a former army pilot with the 18th Airborne Corps Rapid Deployment Force, joined PepsiCo's Leadership Development Program (LDP). For her first assignment with PepsiCo, Johnson accepted a position as a manufacturing-manager... View Details
Keywords: Leading Change; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Compensation and Benefits; Business or Company Management
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Groysberg, Boris, Leslie Danford, Amy Lodge, and Tereh Sayles. "Toby Johnson (A): Leading After School." Harvard Business School Case 410-103, March 2010. (Revised October 2018.)
  • February 2019 (Revised July 2019)
  • Case

Sales Force Management at Nobel Ilac

By: Doug J. Chung and Gamze Yucaoglu
Nobel Ilac was a Turkish generic pharmaceutical company marketing more than 100 drugs in 20 countries and, as of 2017, had over 2,500 employees worldwide. Nobel had implemented a transformation strategy—more specifically, a customer segmentation plan—whereby the sales... View Details
Keywords: Sales Strategy; Compensation; Employee Retention; Recruiting; Pharmaceuticals; Salesforce Management; Strategy; Organizational Design; Human Resources; Compensation and Benefits; Employees; Retention; Recruitment; Pharmaceutical Industry; Turkey
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Chung, Doug J., and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Sales Force Management at Nobel Ilac." Harvard Business School Case 519-067, February 2019. (Revised July 2019.)
  • 2025
  • Chapter

Leapfrog Leaders: Accelerating Systems Leadership Skills

By: Laura Cabrera, Derek Cabrera and Hise O. Gibson
We need leaders who can execute at the Strategic, Operational, and Tactical (SOT) levels. But, research shows it takes time for skills to develop at all three levels—too much time. Why does it take too much time? First, because expertise is borne of experience. An... View Details
Keywords: DSRP; VCML; Strategy; Operations; Leadership Development; Decision Making; Organizational Structure
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Cabrera, Laura, Derek Cabrera, and Hise O. Gibson. "Leapfrog Leaders: Accelerating Systems Leadership Skills." In The Routledge Handbook of Systems Thinking, edited by Derek Cabrera, Laura Cabrera, and Gordon Midgley. London: Routledge, forthcoming.
  • October 2014
  • Article

Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture

By: Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and John Rusnak
In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for characterizing the architecture of complex technical systems and demonstrate its application to a large sample of software releases. Our methodology is based upon directed network graphs, which allows us to... View Details
Keywords: Architecture; Modularity; Dominant Designs; Complexity; Product Design; Software
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Baldwin, Carliss Y., Alan MacCormack, and John Rusnak. "Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture." Research Policy 43, no. 8 (October 2014): 1381–1397.
  • November 2004 (Revised June 2005)
  • Background Note

Designing Products and Processes: Aligning Hierarchical Problem Levels with Problem-Solving Team Forms

All complex systems have four distinct hierarchical design levels: system objectives, architecture, interfaces, and components. Each level has a distinct design question associated with it. Distinguishing among these levels and understanding the questions associated... View Details
Keywords: Design; Complexity
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Spear, Steven J. "Designing Products and Processes: Aligning Hierarchical Problem Levels with Problem-Solving Team Forms." Harvard Business School Background Note 605-039, November 2004. (Revised June 2005.)
  • 01 Oct 2007
  • Research & Ideas

Encouraging Dissent in Decision-Making

prides itself on its pragmatism, needs to remain aware that the managerial and organizational structures that define it can also breed protective sacred cows or truth-denying ideologies that ultimately threaten it. What's required in an... View Details
Keywords: by Garry Emmons
  • November 2007 (Revised September 2010)
  • Background Note

The Rong Family: A Chinese Business History

By: Elisabeth Koll
Provides the complex historical background to understanding the development of family businesses in China from the late 19th century to the present. Using the example of the Rong family, China's most prominent industrialist family in pre-1949 China, analyzes the... View Details
Keywords: Family Business; Business History; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Alliances; Business and Government Relations; Social and Collaborative Networks; China
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Koll, Elisabeth. "The Rong Family: A Chinese Business History." Harvard Business School Background Note 308-066, November 2007. (Revised September 2010.)
  • 2008
  • Working Paper

A Darker Side to Decentralized Banks: Market Power and Credit Rationing in SME Lending

By: Rodrigo Canales and Ramana Nanda
We use loan-level data to study how the organizational structure of banks impacts small business lending. We find that decentralized banks—where branch managers have greater autonomy over lending decisions—give larger loans to small firms and those with "soft... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Structure; Financing and Loans; Industry Structures; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry; Mexico
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Canales, Rodrigo, and Ramana Nanda. "A Darker Side to Decentralized Banks: Market Power and Credit Rationing in SME Lending." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-101, June 2008. (Revised January 2011, August 2011.)
  • 31 Mar 2008
  • HBS Case

JetBlue’s Valentine’s Day Crisis

of February 13, independent of this event. Do they think the elements of the structure and systems within the JetBlue operation are internally consistent with one another and externally consistent with the organization's overall business... View Details
Keywords: by Julia Hanna; Air Transportation
  • April 2023 (Revised September 2023)
  • Case

Levels: The Remote, Asynchronous, Deep Work Management System

By: Joseph B. Fuller and George Gonzalez
Levels is a highly innovative startup in the health care space. They intend to revolutionize health by linking behavior—eating, exercise, sleeping, etc.—to changes in metabolism. They believe metabolic health can be managed through careful monitoring of changes in... View Details
Keywords: Applications and Software; Business Startups; Organizational Culture; Management Style; Technology Industry; United States
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Fuller, Joseph B., and George Gonzalez. "Levels: The Remote, Asynchronous, Deep Work Management System." Harvard Business School Case 323-069, April 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
  • 2020
  • Article

Why Do User Communities Matter for Strategy?

By: Sonali K. Shah and Frank Nagle
In this essay, we explore how strategic management research and practice could benefit from considering the benefits and challenges obtainable through working with user communities. User communities represent a unique organizing structure for the exchange of ideas and... View Details
Keywords: User Communities; Innovation; Open Source; Collaboration; Cooperative Strategy; Knowledge Sharing; Strategy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention
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Shah, Sonali K., and Frank Nagle. "Why Do User Communities Matter for Strategy?" Special Issue on Open Innovation. Strategic Management Review 1, no. 2 (2020): 305–353.
  • September 2024
  • Case

Open Door Legal: Universal Legal Access

By: Brian Trelstad, Taylor Greenthal and Sarah Mehta
This case is about Open Door Legal (ODL), a San Francisco-based civil legal aid nonprofit. CEO Adrian Tirtanadi founded the organization in 2012 with a mission to achieve universal access to legal representation for all city residents. By 2024, ODL had opened four... View Details
Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Law; Growth Management; Nonprofit Organizations; Civil Society or Community; Business Model; Expansion; Legal Services Industry; United States; California; Los Angeles; San Francisco
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Trelstad, Brian, Taylor Greenthal, and Sarah Mehta. "Open Door Legal: Universal Legal Access." Harvard Business School Case 325-006, September 2024.
  • April 2005
  • Case

FBI: Mission Extended

Following the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993, there was consensus that the FBI needed to make organizational changes. The FBI had long distinguished itself as the world's pre-eminent organization for conducting after-the-fact investigations that laid the... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Change and Adaptation; Law Enforcement; United States
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Beaulieu, Nancy D., and Aaron Zimmerman. "FBI: Mission Extended." Harvard Business School Case 905-061, April 2005.
  • 12 Apr 2011
  • First Look

First Look: April 12

system rather than a government-controlled system. Book: http://www.gale.cengage.com/servlet/ItemDetailServletCr?region=9&imprint=070&titleCode=GCCL&cf=p&type=3&id=254645 Corporate Ownership Structure and Bank Loan... View Details
Keywords: Sean Silverthorne
  • June 2000 (Revised October 2017)
  • Case

IDEO

By: Stefan Thomke and Ashok Nimgade
Describes IDEO, the world's leading product design firm, and its innovation culture and process. Emphasis is placed on the important role of prototyping and experimentation in general, and in the design of the very successful Palm V handheld computer in particular. A... View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Innovation Strategy; Business or Company Management; Time Management; Product Design; Product Development; Business Processes; Organizational Culture; Practice; Problems and Challenges; Creativity; Hardware
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Thomke, Stefan, and Ashok Nimgade. "IDEO." Harvard Business School Case 600-143, June 2000. (Revised October 2017.)
  • June 2010
  • Article

The Circulation of Ideas across Academic Communities: When Locals Re-import Exported Ideas

By: Julie Battilana, Michel Anteby and Metin Sengul
The circulation of ideas across academic communities is central to academic pursuits and has attracted much past scholarly attention. As North American-based scholars with European ties, we decided to examine the impact of Organization Studies in North American... View Details
Keywords: Knowledge Dissemination; Organizational Structure; Learning; Archives; Civil Society or Community; North and Central America; Europe
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Battilana, Julie, Michel Anteby, and Metin Sengul. "The Circulation of Ideas across Academic Communities: When Locals Re-import Exported Ideas." Organization Studies 31, no. 6 (June 2010): 695–713.
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