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    • All HBS Web  (1,251)
      • Faculty Publications  (438)

      Interpretable Machine LearningRemove Interpretable Machine Learning →

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      • October 2015 (Revised October 2016)
      • Case

      Building Watson: Not So Elementary, My Dear! (Abridged)

      By: Willy C. Shih
      This case is set inside IBM Research's efforts to build a computer that can successfully take on human challengers playing the game show Jeopardy! It opens with the machine named Watson offering the incorrect answer "Toronto" to a seemingly simple question during the... View Details
      Keywords: Analytics; Big Data; Business Analytics; Product Development Strategy; Machine Learning; Machine Intelligence; Artificial Intelligence; Product Development; AI and Machine Learning; Information Technology; Analytics and Data Science; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Shih, Willy C. "Building Watson: Not So Elementary, My Dear! (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 616-025, October 2015. (Revised October 2016.)
      • 2015
      • Article

      A Machine Learning Framework to Identify Students at Risk of Adverse Academic Outcomes

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Everaldo Aguiar, Carl Shan, David Miller, Nasir Bhanpuri, Rayid Ghani and Kecia Addison
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Everaldo Aguiar, Carl Shan, David Miller, Nasir Bhanpuri, Rayid Ghani, and Kecia Addison. "A Machine Learning Framework to Identify Students at Risk of Adverse Academic Outcomes." Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 21st (2015).
      • Article

      Who, When, and Why: A Machine Learning Approach to Prioritizing Students at Risk of Not Graduating High School on Time

      By: Everaldo Aguiar, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Nasir Bhanpuri, David Miller, Ben Yuhas, Kecia Addison and Rayid Ghani
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      Aguiar, Everaldo, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Nasir Bhanpuri, David Miller, Ben Yuhas, Kecia Addison, and Rayid Ghani. "Who, When, and Why: A Machine Learning Approach to Prioritizing Students at Risk of Not Graduating High School on Time." Proceedings of the International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference 5th (2015).
      • December 2014
      • Article

      The Discipline of Business Experimentation

      By: Stefan Thomke and Jim Manzi
      The data you already have can't tell you how customers will react to innovations. To discover if a truly novel concept will succeed, you must subject it to a rigorous experiment. In most companies, tests do not adhere to scientific and statistical principles. As a... View Details
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      Thomke, Stefan, and Jim Manzi. "The Discipline of Business Experimentation." Harvard Business Review 92, no. 12 (December 2014): 70–79.
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      Non-Adherence in Health Care: A Positive and Normative Analysis

      By: Mark Egan and Tomas J. Philipson
      Non-adherence in health care results when a patient does not initiate or continue care that a provider has recommended. Previous research identifies non-adherence as a major source of waste in US health care, totaling approximately 2.3% of GDP, and have proposed a... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Behavior; Economics; Analysis; Mathematical Methods
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      Egan, Mark, and Tomas J. Philipson. "Non-Adherence in Health Care: A Positive and Normative Analysis." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 20330, July 2014. (Previously titled, "Health Care Adherence and Personalized Medicine.")
      • July 2010
      • Supplement

      Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Pricing and Profitability Analysis (CW)

      By: Thomas J. Steenburgh and Jill Avery
      Pricing is one of the most difficult decisions marketers make and the one with the most direct and immediate impact on the firm's financial position. This toolkit will introduce the fundamental terminology and calculations associated with pricing and profitability... View Details
      Keywords: Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Marketing Strategy; Decisions; Strategic Planning; Price; Partners and Partnerships; Cost; Demand and Consumers; Revenue; Profit; Mathematical Methods; Measurement and Metrics
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      Steenburgh, Thomas J., and Jill Avery. "Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Pricing and Profitability Analysis (CW)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 511-701, July 2010.
      • July 2010 (Revised December 2011)
      • Background Note

      Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Pricing and Profitability Analysis

      By: Thomas J. Steenburgh and Jill Avery
      Pricing is one of the most difficult decisions marketers make and the one with the most direct and immediate impact on the firm's financial position. This toolkit will introduce the fundamental terminology and calculations associated with pricing and profitability... View Details
      Keywords: Forecasting and Prediction; Price; Profit; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Marketing Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Measurement and Metrics; Strategic Planning; Mathematical Methods; Retail Industry
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      Steenburgh, Thomas J., and Jill Avery. "Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Pricing and Profitability Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 511-028, July 2010. (Revised December 2011.)
      • Article

      Exploration and Exploitation within and across Organizations

      By: Dovev Lavie, Uriel Stettner and Michael Tushman
      Jim March's framework of exploration and exploitation has drawn substantial interest from scholars studying phenomena such as organizational learning, knowledge management, innovation, organizational design, and strategic alliances. This framework has become an... View Details
      Keywords: Learning; Framework; Innovation and Invention; Knowledge Management; Organizational Design; Outcome or Result; Alliances; Behavior
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      Lavie, Dovev, Uriel Stettner, and Michael Tushman. "Exploration and Exploitation within and across Organizations." Academy of Management Annals 4 (2010): 109–155.
      • Article

      When Dreaming Is Believing: The (Motivated) Interpretation of Dreams

      By: Carey K. Morewedge and Michael I. Norton
      This research investigated laypeople's interpretation of their dreams. Participants from both Eastern and Western cultures believed that dreams contain hidden truths (Study 1) and considered dreams to provide more meaningful information about the world than similar... View Details
      Keywords: Anchoring; Attribution; Dreams; Motivated Reasoning; Unconscious Thought; Communication Intention and Meaning; Judgments; Values and Beliefs; Information; Behavior; Cognition and Thinking; Motivation and Incentives
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      Morewedge, Carey K., and Michael I. Norton. "When Dreaming Is Believing: The (Motivated) Interpretation of Dreams." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 2 (February 2009): 249–264. (Winner of Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Theoretical Innovation Prize For an article or book chapter judged to provide the most innovative theoretical contribution to social/personality psychology within a given year presented by Society for Personality and Social Psychology​.)
      • June 2005
      • Tutorial

      Prematriculation Financial Accounting Tutorial/Module

      By: David F. Hawkins, Paul M. Healy and Ratna G. Sarkar
      The Financial Accounting course is an introduction to the fundamental concepts of financial accounting in a management context. The course describes the business activities for Global Grocer, a small retail franchise specializing in gourmet foods and specialty kitchen... View Details
      Keywords: Accounting; Performance; Financial Statements
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      "Prematriculation Financial Accounting Tutorial/Module." Harvard Business School Tutorial 105-708, June 2005.
      • December 1984
      • Case

      Expense Tracking System at Tiger Creek

      By: Shoshana Zuboff
      Mill manager Carl Adelman learns that a group of senior managers is soon to visit the Tiger Creek mill to learn more about the success of the newly implemented Expense Tracking System. The System had been installed on two paper machines to give workers real time cost... View Details
      Keywords: Management Teams; Success; Cost Management; Technology; Pulp and Paper Industry
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      Zuboff, Shoshana. "Expense Tracking System at Tiger Creek." Harvard Business School Case 485-057, December 1984.
      • Research Summary

      Adoption of Machine Learning Models in Real World Decision Making

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju
      The goal of this research is to assess the impact of deploying machine learning models in real world decision making in domains such as health care. View Details
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      An AI Method to Score Celebrity Visual Potential from Human Faces

      By: Flora Feng, Shunyuan Zhang, Xiao Liu, Kannan Srinivasan and Cait Lamberton
      It has long been a mantra of marketing practice that, particularly in low-involvement situations, spokespeople should be physically attractive. This paper suggests there is a higher probability of gaining fame and influence (i.e., celebrity potential) than is captured... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Characteristics; AI and Machine Learning; Forecasting and Prediction; Marketing
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      Feng, Flora, Shunyuan Zhang, Xiao Liu, Kannan Srinivasan, and Cait Lamberton. "An AI Method to Score Celebrity Visual Potential from Human Faces." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) (forthcoming).
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Engagement with Open Source Communities, Innovation, and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub

      By: Annamaria Conti, Christian Peukert and Maria P. Roche
      We study the engagement of nascent firms with open source communities and its implications for innovation and attracting funding. To do so, we link data on 160,065 U.S. startups from Crunchbase to their activities on the open source software development platform... View Details
      Keywords: Startups; Knowledge; Open Source Communities; GitHub; Machine Learning; Innovation; Business Startups; Venture Capital; Information Technology; Strategy
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      Conti, Annamaria, Christian Peukert, and Maria P. Roche. "Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Engagement with Open Source Communities, Innovation, and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub." Organization Science (forthcoming). (Pre-published online March 7, 2025.)
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Digital Lending and Financial Well-Being: Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Data

      By: AJ Chen, Omri Even-Tov, Jung Koo Kang and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
      To mitigate information asymmetry about borrowers in developing economies, digital lenders use machine-learning algorithms and nontraditional data from borrowers’ mobile devices. Consequently, digital lenders have managed to expand access to credit for millions of... View Details
      Keywords: Informal Economy; Digital Banking; Mobile Phones; Developing Countries and Economies; Mobile and Wireless Technology; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Credit; Borrowing and Debt; Well-being; Banking Industry; Kenya
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      Chen, AJ, Omri Even-Tov, Jung Koo Kang, and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman. "Digital Lending and Financial Well-Being: Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Data." Accounting Review (forthcoming). (Pre-published online April 22, 2025.)
      • Article

      Don’t let an AI failure harm your brand

      By: Julian De Freitas
      How companies market their AI systems affects the repercussions they face when their products fail. Marketers must promote their AI products with potential failure in mind. To do that, they must first understand consumers’ unique attitudes toward AI. Marketers who... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Brands and Branding; Product Marketing; Consumer Behavior; Attitudes
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      De Freitas, Julian. "Don’t let an AI failure harm your brand." Harvard Business Review (in press).
      • Teaching Interest

      Empirical Technology and Operations Management Course

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju
      I taught a set of lectures on "Introduction to Machine Learning for Social Scientists" as part of this required course for first year PhD students. This module familiarizes students with all the basic concepts in machine learning, their implementations, as well as the... View Details
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Engaging Customers with AI in Online Chats: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment

      By: Shunyuan Zhang and Das Narayandas
      We examine how artificial intelligence (AI) affected the productivity of customer service agents and customer sentiment in online interactions. Collaborating with a meal delivery company, we conducted a randomized field experiment that exploited exogenous variation in... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Customer Focus and Relationships; Performance Efficiency
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, and Das Narayandas. "Engaging Customers with AI in Online Chats: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment." Management Science (forthcoming).
      • Teaching Interest

      Harvard Business Analytics Program: Operations and Supply Chain Management

      By: Dennis Campbell
      Digital technologies and data analytics are radically changing the operating model of an organization and how it connects to its broader supply chain and ecosystem. This course emphasizes managing product availability, especially in a context of rapid product... View Details
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Human-Algorithm Collaboration with Private Information: Naïve Advice Weighting Behavior and Mitigation

      By: Maya Balakrishnan, Kris Ferreira and Jordan Tong
      Even if algorithms make better predictions than humans on average, humans may sometimes have private information which an algorithm does not have access to that can improve performance. How can we help humans effectively use and adjust recommendations made by... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Forecasting and Prediction; Digital Marketing
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      Balakrishnan, Maya, Kris Ferreira, and Jordan Tong. "Human-Algorithm Collaboration with Private Information: Naïve Advice Weighting Behavior and Mitigation." Management Science (forthcoming).
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