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  • September 1992 (Revised March 1997)
  • Case

Summit Distributors (A)

By: William J. Bruns Jr. and Amy P. Hutton
Summit Distributors was in danger of violating loan covenants because of slow economic activity and forecasted losses and was faced with a choice. Changing the inventory valuation method from LIFO to FIFO would avoid default but would require higher future income... View Details
Keywords: Taxation; Cost Accounting; Cash Flow; Interest Rates; Economic Systems; Borrowing and Debt; Financial Statements; Valuation; Accounting Audits; Financing and Loans; Accounting Industry; Legal Services Industry
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Bruns, William J., Jr., and Amy P. Hutton. "Summit Distributors (A)." Harvard Business School Case 193-053, September 1992. (Revised March 1997.)
  • August 2023
  • Article

Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations Using TalkToModel

By: Dylan Slack, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Sameer Singh
Practitioners increasingly use machine learning (ML) models, yet models have become more complex and harder to understand. To understand complex models, researchers have proposed techniques to explain model predictions. However, practitioners struggle to use... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Technological Innovation; Technology Adoption
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Slack, Dylan, Satyapriya Krishna, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Sameer Singh. "Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations Using TalkToModel." Nature Machine Intelligence 5, no. 8 (August 2023): 873–883.
  • 2019
  • Working Paper

Machine Learning Approaches to Facial and Text Analysis: Discovering CEO Oral Communication Styles

By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Dan Wang, Natalie A. Carlson and Tarun Khanna
We demonstrate how a novel synthesis of three methods—(1) unsupervised topic modeling of text data to generate new measures of textual variance, (2) sentiment analysis of text data, and (3) supervised ML coding of facial images with a cutting-edge convolutional neural... View Details
Keywords: Spoken Communication; Business History; Analytics and Data Science; Finance; Performance
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Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Dan Wang, Natalie A. Carlson, and Tarun Khanna. "Machine Learning Approaches to Facial and Text Analysis: Discovering CEO Oral Communication Styles." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-064, January 2018. (Revised May 2019.)
  • 2011
  • Working Paper

Fairness, Efficiency and Flexibility in Organ Allocation for Kidney Transplantation

By: Dimitris Bertsimas, Vivek F. Farias and Nikolaos Trichakis
We propose a scalable, data-driven method for designing national policies for the allocation of deceased donor kidneys to patients on a waiting list, in a fair and efficient way. We focus on policies that have the same form as the one currently used in the U.S. In... View Details
Keywords: Fairness; Policy; Health Disorders; Marketplace Matching; Performance Effectiveness; Rank and Position; Health Industry; United States
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Bertsimas, Dimitris, Vivek F. Farias, and Nikolaos Trichakis. "Fairness, Efficiency and Flexibility in Organ Allocation for Kidney Transplantation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-025, October 2011.
  • 2022
  • Article

Towards Robust Off-Policy Evaluation via Human Inputs

By: Harvineet Singh, Shalmali Joshi, Finale Doshi-Velez and Himabindu Lakkaraju
Off-policy Evaluation (OPE) methods are crucial tools for evaluating policies in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, where direct deployment is often infeasible, unethical, or expensive. When deployment environments are expected to undergo changes (that is, dataset... View Details
Keywords: Analytics and Data Science; Research
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Singh, Harvineet, Shalmali Joshi, Finale Doshi-Velez, and Himabindu Lakkaraju. "Towards Robust Off-Policy Evaluation via Human Inputs." Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Society (2022): 686–699.
  • January 2014 (Revised August 2017)
  • Case

StepSmart Fitness

By: Robert J. Dolan, Benson P. Shapiro and Alisa Zalosh
StepSmart Fitness, a manufacturer of exercise equipment, is undergoing a sweeping reorganization. The new CEO has terminated the District Sales Director and Regional VP and promoted 30-year-old Benjamin Cooper to manage the underperforming New England district. A... View Details
Keywords: Analysis; Restructuring; Salesforce Management; Management Succession; Performance Improvement; Manufacturing Industry; Sports Industry; New England
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Dolan, Robert J., Benson P. Shapiro, and Alisa Zalosh. "StepSmart Fitness." Harvard Business School Brief Case 914-509, January 2014. (Revised August 2017.)
  • 2014
  • Book

Entrepreneurial Finance: Finance and Business Strategies for the Serious Entrepreneur

By: Steven Rogers and Roza Makonnen
Whatever business you run or plan to launch, Entrepreneurial Finance provides the essential tools and know-how you need to build a sturdy foundation that will support it for many years to come.
Entrepreneurial Finance, Third Edition, offers potent... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Financial Strategy; Business Strategy
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Rogers, Steven, and Roza Makonnen. Entrepreneurial Finance: Finance and Business Strategies for the Serious Entrepreneur. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
  • May–June 2018
  • Article

Layoffs That Don't Break Your Company: Better Approaches to Workforce Transition

By: Sandra J. Sucher and Shalene Gupta
Today layoffs have become companies’ default response to the challenges created by advances in technology and global competition. Yet research shows that job cuts rarely help senior leaders achieve their goals. Too often, they’re done for short-term gain, but the cost... View Details
Keywords: Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Employees; Transition; Strategic Planning
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Sucher, Sandra J., and Shalene Gupta. "Layoffs That Don't Break Your Company: Better Approaches to Workforce Transition." Harvard Business Review 96, no. 3 (May–June 2018): 122–129.
  • Research Summary

Entrepreneurial Management: Customer Discovery and Business Development

This research focuses on: (a) market research methods and tactics suitable to startups seeking their initial customers and validation of their initial business model; (b) guidelines for conducting visits with potential customers as part of the startup ptrocess; and (c)... View Details
  • November 2018 (Revised December 2020)
  • Technical Note

Initial Coin Offerings in 2018

By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang, Ramana Nanda, Robert F. White and Nathaniel Schwalb
In 2018, Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) were an emerging fundraising method for blockchain-based projects. As the ecosystem grew, there were many open questions on regulation, pricing, and even which projects were a good fit for blockchain. However, there was already... View Details
Keywords: Blockchain; Initial Coin Offerings; ICO; Decentralization; Networks; Protocols; Entrepreneurship; Project Finance
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Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Ramana Nanda, Robert F. White, and Nathaniel Schwalb. "Initial Coin Offerings in 2018." Harvard Business School Technical Note 819-057, November 2018. (Revised December 2020.)
  • February 2016
  • Case

Express Scripts: Promoting Prescription Drug Home Delivery (A)

By: John Beshears, Patrick Rooney and Jenny Sanford
The pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) sector processes prescription drug claims on behalf of companies that offer a prescription drug benefit to their employees. This case follows Bob Nease, Chief Scientist at Express Scripts, as he considers methods to promote home... View Details
Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Prescription Drugs; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; PBM; Healthcare; Behavioral Economics; Choice Architecture; Active Choice; Service Delivery; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Care and Treatment; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Compensation and Benefits; Pharmaceutical Industry
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Beshears, John, Patrick Rooney, and Jenny Sanford. "Express Scripts: Promoting Prescription Drug Home Delivery (A)." Harvard Business School Case 916-026, February 2016.
  • March 2022 (Revised January 2025)
  • Technical Note

Linear Regression

By: Iavor I. Bojinov, Michael Parzen and Paul Hamilton
This note provides an overview of linear regression for an introductory data science course. It begins with a discussion of correlation, and explains why correlation does not necessarily imply causation. The note then describes the method of least squares, and how to... View Details
Keywords: Data Science; Linear Regression; Mathematical Modeling; Mathematical Methods; Analytics and Data Science
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Bojinov, Iavor I., Michael Parzen, and Paul Hamilton. "Linear Regression." Harvard Business School Technical Note 622-100, March 2022. (Revised January 2025.)
  • 2016
  • Chapter

User-Generated Content and Social Media

By: Michael Luca
This paper documents what economists have learned about user-generated content (UGC) and social media. A growing body of evidence suggests that UGC on platforms ranging from Yelp to Facebook has a large causal impact on economic and social outcomes ranging from... View Details
Keywords: User-generated Content; Crowdsourcing; Design Economics; Internet and the Web; Marketing; Economics; Media; Social Media
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Luca, Michael. "User-Generated Content and Social Media." Chap. 12 in Handbook of Media Economics. Vol. 1B, edited by Simon Anderson, Joel Waldfogel, and David Strömberg. North-Holland Publishing Company, 2016.
  • 2008
  • Working Paper

Allocating Marketing Resources

By: Sunil Gupta and Thomas J. Steenburgh
Marketing is essential for the organic growth of a company. Not surprisingly, firms spend billions of dollars on marketing. Given these large investments, marketing managers have the responsibility to optimally allocate these resources and demonstrate that these... View Details
Keywords: Investment Return; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Demand and Consumers; Mathematical Methods
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Gupta, Sunil, and Thomas J. Steenburgh. "Allocating Marketing Resources." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-069, February 2008.
  • Research Summary

Hedging Asian Options: Closed-Form Solutions Using the Malliavin Calculus

Hedging path-dependent options requires non-standard tools because the price processes no longer have smooth stochastic differentials.  I show how the Malliavin calculus can be used to overcome the specific difficulties introduced by the averaging behavior of... View Details
  • February 2014 (Revised April 2014)
  • Supplement

Pixability: Managing a Corporate Board (Pre Class)

By: Noam Wasserman
"Bettina’s Board Walk" examines the board management methods of Bettina Hein, Founder-CEO of Pixability, Inc., as she prepares for and conducts a standard board meeting. The case is designed to give students an understanding of the delicate dynamics inherent in board... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Management; Board Of Directors; Entrepreneurship
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Wasserman, Noam. "Pixability: Managing a Corporate Board (Pre Class)." Harvard Business School Video Supplement 814-703, February 2014. (Revised April 2014.)
  • September 1974 (Revised April 1975)
  • Case

Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. (A)

At the conclusion of a small-scale pilot survey, management must decide whether to invest in a larger survey or terminate the project. The objective of the study is to use psychographic measurement techniques to study the alternative positions of cranberry sauce.... View Details
Keywords: Surveys; Product Positioning; Mathematical Methods; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry
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DeBruicker, F., and Jan-Erik Modig. "Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 575-039, September 1974. (Revised April 1975.)
  • February 2010 (Revised December 2011)
  • Case

Ricoh Company, Ltd.

By: Robert G. Eccles, Amy C. Edmondson, Marco Iansiti and Akiko Kanno
Ricoh, the Japanese copier manufacturer, is committed to reducing its environmental impact to one-eighth of its 2000 levels by 2050. It has already introduced three stages of environmental awareness to its operations, and its recycled copier business broke even in... View Details
Keywords: Environmental Accounting; Financial Reporting; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Investment; Operations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Electronics Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Japan
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Eccles, Robert G., Amy C. Edmondson, Marco Iansiti, and Akiko Kanno. "Ricoh Company, Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 610-053, February 2010. (Revised December 2011.)
  • September 1986 (Revised March 1987)
  • Case

Graves Industries, Inc. (B): Lohnes Marine Hardware Division

Describes events occurring over a four-year period in one division of Graves Industries. The division goes through a business cycle and uses several methods of managing earnings to meet its budget targets. The purpose of the case is to allow the exploration of the... View Details
Keywords: Earnings Management; Crime and Corruption; Ethics
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Merchant, Kenneth A. "Graves Industries, Inc. (B): Lohnes Marine Hardware Division." Harvard Business School Case 187-046, September 1986. (Revised March 1987.)
  • 25 Oct 2013
  • Working Paper Summaries

Management: Theory and Practice, and Cases

Keywords: by Richard L. Nolan; Education
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