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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (657)
      • Faculty Publications  (160)

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      • November 2022
      • Case

      The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Tiffany Farrell
      Can an online, direct-to-consumer pharmacy both improve the quality and speed of care for patients who need branded drugs and stabilize profits for pharmaceutical manufacturers? UpScript, after years spent achieving legal and regulatory compliance and simultaneous... View Details
      Keywords: DTC; Internet and the Web; Marketing Channels; Customer Value and Value Chain; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competitive Strategy; Service Delivery; Growth and Development Strategy; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Tiffany Farrell. "The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales." Harvard Business School Case 323-031, November 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Aphro Beverages

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Amram Migdal
      This case focuses on distribution, sales, and product decisions as Aphro Beverages reaches an inflection point in its growth trajectory. In 2020, Aphro Beverages, based in Accra, Ghana, successfully launched its brand and brought two new alcoholic spirits products to... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Ventures; Business Growth and Maturation; Entrepreneurship; Food; Geography; Geographic Scope; Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Resource Allocation; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Digital Marketing; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Social Marketing; Operations; Distribution; Distribution Channels; Product; Product Design; Product Development; Supply Chain; Sales; Salesforce Management; Food and Beverage Industry; Africa; Ghana
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Amram Migdal. "Aphro Beverages." Harvard Business School Case 823-044, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • October 2022 (Revised September 2024)
      • Case

      mPharma: Scaling Access to Affordable Primary Care in Africa

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      mPharma hopes to scale up to create the largest pan-African healthcare company ever to provide much-needed primary care in retail pharmacies; a reliable, fairly priced supply of drugs; and micro-insurance for drugs. They must prioritize launching a telemedicine... View Details
      Keywords: Africa; Pharmaceutical Companies; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; Health Care; Health Care And Treatment; Health Care Costs; Health Care Delivery; Health Care Entrepreneurship; Telehealth; Health Equity; Corporate Strategy; Social Entrepreneurship; Equity; Growth and Development Strategy; Expansion; Product Launch; Customer Value and Value Chain; Social Enterprise; Multinational Firms and Management; Pharmaceutical Industry; Health Industry; Africa
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "mPharma: Scaling Access to Affordable Primary Care in Africa." Harvard Business School Case 323-033, October 2022. (Revised September 2024.)
      • July 2022
      • Supplement

      Solution for E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (B): Optimizing Assortment for a New Retailer

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      Keywords: Data; Data Analysis; Data Analytics; Data Sharing; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Delivery Planning; Customer Lifetime Value; Online Channel; Retail; Retail Analytics; Retailing Industry; Ecommerce; Grocery; Optimization; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Customer Value and Value Chain; Marketing Channels; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "Solution for E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (B): Optimizing Assortment for a New Retailer." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 523-705, July 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Supplement

      Solution for E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (C): Free Delivery Terms

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      Keywords: Data; Data Analysis; Data Analytics; Data Sharing; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Delivery Planning; Customer Lifetime Value; Online Channel; Retail; Retail Analytics; Retailing Industry; Ecommerce; Grocery; Optimization; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Customer Value and Value Chain; Marketing Channels; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "Solution for E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (C): Free Delivery Terms." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 523-706, July 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Teaching Note

      eGrocery and the Role of Data and E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms

      By: Ayelet Israeli
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 521-077. View Details
      Keywords: Data; Data Analysis; Data Analytics; Data Sharing; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Delivery Planning; Customer Lifetime Value; Online Channel; Retail; Retail Analytics; Retailing Industry; Ecommerce; Grocery; Optimization; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Customer Value and Value Chain; Marketing Channels; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet. "eGrocery and the Role of Data and E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 523-012, July 2022.
      • June 2022 (Revised October 2022)
      • Background Note

      Digital Commerce and Delivery: Preparing Food and Retail Value Chains for a 50-50 World

      By: William R. Kerr, Daniel O'Connor, Paige Boehmcke and Will Ensor
      Increasing digitalization of grocery retail and quick commerce reveals insights about managing complex supply chains at scale and shifting revenue streams from product sales to data monetization. How are the roles of retailers changing? What happens if marginal cost... View Details
      Keywords: Grocery Delivery; Grocery; Digitalization; Fulfillment; Delivery; Supply Chain; Disruption; Food; Supply Chain Management; Market Design; Trends; Value Creation; Goods and Commodities; Customer Value and Value Chain; Digital Transformation; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States; China
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      Kerr, William R., Daniel O'Connor, Paige Boehmcke, and Will Ensor. "Digital Commerce and Delivery: Preparing Food and Retail Value Chains for a 50-50 World." Harvard Business School Background Note 822-108, June 2022. (Revised October 2022.)
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Zalando: Becoming the Starting Point for Fashion

      By: Antonio Moreno, Leela Nageswaran, Emilie Billaud and Federica Gabrieli
      Born in 2008 as a small startup selling flip flops, by mid-2021 Zalando had turned into an online fashion company with an assortment of more than 4,500 international brands, 45 million active customers, and a presence in 23 European markets. An essential component in... View Details
      Keywords: Transition; Customer Value and Value Chain; Digital Platforms; Distribution; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Infrastructure; Logistics; Service Operations; Strategy; Business Strategy; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Europe
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      Moreno, Antonio, Leela Nageswaran, Emilie Billaud, and Federica Gabrieli. "Zalando: Becoming the Starting Point for Fashion." Harvard Business School Case 622-070, June 2022.
      • June 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      Dollar Tree: Breaking the Buck

      By: Jill Avery and Marco Bertini
      For thirty-five years, Dollar Tree, a discount retail chain selling general merchandise, had held its fixed price point steady, pricing all of its household items, food, stationery, books, seasonal items, gifts, toys, and clothing that made up its diverse and... View Details
      Keywords: Retailing; Pricing; Pricing Strategy; Discount Retailing; Discount Store; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Price; Inflation and Deflation; Consumer Behavior; Retail Industry; United States
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      Avery, Jill, and Marco Bertini. "Dollar Tree: Breaking the Buck." Harvard Business School Case 522-091, June 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Worten Portugal: Becoming a Digital Marketplace

      By: Antonio Moreno, Pedro Amorim and Tonia Labruyere
      With Amazon's entry into Portugal, Miguel Mota Freitas, CEO of Portuguese electronics chain Worten, is reflecting on their strategy of building a competitive marketplace. View Details
      Keywords: Digital Transformation; Digital Strategy; Digital Platforms; Brands and Branding; E-commerce; Logistics; Service Delivery; Supply Chain; Competitive Strategy; Diversification; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Portugal; Spain
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      Moreno, Antonio, Pedro Amorim, and Tonia Labruyere. "Worten Portugal: Becoming a Digital Marketplace." Harvard Business School Case 622-062, June 2022.
      • April 2022
      • Teaching Note

      CVS Health: Prescription for Transformation

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Catarina Martinez
      In 2021, new CEO Karen Lynch (named the most powerful woman in business) considered the next transformation phase for CVS Health (a Fortune 5 corporate giant). The 2018 acquisition of Aetna insurance brought her to the company as part of its long evolution from a... View Details
      Keywords: Health; COVID-19 Pandemic; Primary Care; Leadership; Change Management; Women Executives; Retail; Pharmacy; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; Clinical Trials; Vaccination; Acquisition; Innovation and Invention; Transformation; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Catarina Martinez. "CVS Health: Prescription for Transformation." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 322-122, April 2022.
      • April 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      Restaurant Brands International: Version 2.0

      By: Boris Groysberg and Sarah L. Abbott
      In 2010, 3G Capital acquired Burger King, the second largest burger chain globally. 3G expanded Burger King’s operations via acquisitions into a multi-brand business, renamed Restaurant Brands International. The acquisition had been a financial success story for 3G.... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Growth and Development; Performance Evaluation; Private Equity; Franchise Ownership; Culture; Change Management; Strategy; Human Resources; Information Technology; Competition; Retail Industry; United States
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      Groysberg, Boris, and Sarah L. Abbott. "Restaurant Brands International: Version 2.0." Harvard Business School Case 422-047, April 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
      • February 2022 (Revised April 2022)
      • Case

      CVS Health: Prescription for Transformation

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Tuna Cem Hayirli
      In 2021, new CEO Karen Lynch (named the most powerful woman in business) considered the next transformation phase for CVS Health (a Fortune 5 corporate giant. The 2018 acquisition of Aetna insurance brought her to the company as part of its long evolution from a... View Details
      Keywords: COVID; Caregiving; Healthcare; Access; Change; Retail; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Transformation; Retail Industry; Retail Industry
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Tuna Cem Hayirli. "CVS Health: Prescription for Transformation." Harvard Business School Case 322-091, February 2022. (Revised April 2022.)
      • August 2021 (Revised October 2024)
      • Case

      Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A)

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Kenneth P. Pucker and Eren Kuzucu
      The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider fashion industry. Background material highlights the growing... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
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      Toffel, Michael W., Kenneth P. Pucker, and Eren Kuzucu. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A)." Harvard Business School Case 622-024, August 2021. (Revised October 2024.)
      • April 2021
      • Article

      The Effects of Quota Frequency: Sales Performance and Product Focus

      By: Doug J. Chung, Das Narayandas and Dongkyu Chang
      This study investigates the comprehensive and multidimensional effects of quota (goal) frequency on sales force performance. We develop a theory of salespeople’s behavior—aggregate effort and the product type focus—in response to the temporal length of a sales-quota... View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Compensation; Field Experiment; Quotas; Quota Frequency; Commissions; Bonuses; Goals; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits; Goals and Objectives; Behavior; Performance
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      Chung, Doug J., Das Narayandas, and Dongkyu Chang. "The Effects of Quota Frequency: Sales Performance and Product Focus." Management Science 67, no. 4 (April 2021): 2151–2170.
      • March 2021 (Revised February 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Afterpay U.S.: The Omnichannel Dilemma

      By: Antonio Moreno and Anibha Singh
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 519-086. In 2018, Nick Molnar, the founder of the Australia-based online payment service Afterpay began its expansion to the U.S. market. The service had gained a loyal following in Australia by enabling customers to pay for online... View Details
      Keywords: Omnichannel Retail; Digital Marketing; Business Startups; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Organization; For-Profit Firms; Change Management; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Satisfaction; Financing and Loans; Microfinance; Global Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Digital Platforms; Product Development; Supply Chain Management; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Networks; Network Effects; Internet and the Web; Financial Services Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Australia
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      Moreno, Antonio, and Anibha Singh. "Afterpay U.S.: The Omnichannel Dilemma." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 521-074, March 2021. (Revised February 2025.)
      • February 2021
      • Case

      Drizly: Managing Supply and Demand through Disruption

      By: Kris Ferreira
      It was April 6th, 2020, and the management team at Drizly—an online alcohol marketplace where consumers could browse and purchase alcohol from local liquor retail stores via Drizly’s app for immediate home delivery—were thrilled to see record-breaking sales from the... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Demand and Consumers; Growth and Development; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Customer Satisfaction; Goals and Objectives; Supply Chain Management
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      Ferreira, Kris. "Drizly: Managing Supply and Demand through Disruption." Harvard Business School Case 621-097, February 2021.
      • February 2021
      • Case

      A Cultural Transformation at Southeastern Grocers

      By: Suraj Srinivasan, Jonah S. Goldberg and Joseph A. Paul
      When Anthony Hucker, the CEO of Southeastern Grocers (SEG), took over in that role in July 2017, the company was in dire financial and operational condition and was headed towards bankruptcy. SEG, the fifth largest grocery chain in the U.S. in early 2021, operated... View Details
      Keywords: Business Transformation; Strategy Execution; Retail; Organizational Culture; Transformation; Growth and Development Strategy; Performance; Success; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States; Florida
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, Jonah S. Goldberg, and Joseph A. Paul. "A Cultural Transformation at Southeastern Grocers." Harvard Business School Case 121-049, February 2021.
      • February 2021 (Revised February 2021)
      • Background Note

      eGrocery and the Role of Data for CPG Firms

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Fedor (Ted) Lisitsyn and Mark A. Irwin
      This notes provides information about the eGrocery industry and how traditional CPG companies handle this channel and potential data. It is recommended to use together with a series of exercises entitled: "E-Commerce Analytics for CPG Firms (A), (B), and (C)." View Details
      Keywords: Data; Data Analysis; Data Analytics; Data Sharing; CPG; Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG); Delivery Planning; Customer Lifetime Value; Online Channel; Retail; Retail Analytics; Retailing Industry; Ecommerce; Grocery; Optimization; Analytics and Data Science; Analysis; Customer Value and Value Chain; Marketing Channels; E-commerce; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Fedor (Ted) Lisitsyn, and Mark A. Irwin. "eGrocery and the Role of Data for CPG Firms." Harvard Business School Background Note 521-077, February 2021. (Revised February 2021.)
      • December 2020 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Arcos Dorados: A QSR Recovery Plan

      By: Forest Reinhardt, José B. Alvarez, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago and Mariana Cal
      Arcos Dorados—McDonald’s largest independent franchisee, covering Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)—faced a pandemic that was disrupting the entire consumer foodservice business in 2020. With the exclusive right to own, operate, and sub-franchise McDonald’s... View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Customer Value and Value Chain; Income; Macroeconomics; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Food; Health Pandemics; Crisis Management; Logistics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Strategic Planning; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Latin America; Aruba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Mexico; Panama; Costa Rica; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Ecuador; French Guiana; Peru; Uruguay; Venezuela; Puerto Rico; Trinidad and Tobago
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      Reinhardt, Forest, José B. Alvarez, Jenyfeer Martinez Buitrago, and Mariana Cal. "Arcos Dorados: A QSR Recovery Plan." Harvard Business School Case 721-023, December 2020. (Revised April 2021.)
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