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Publications

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    • Faculty Publications  (35)

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    • All HBS Web  (153)
      • Faculty Publications  (35)

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      • December 2020 (Revised February 2021)
      • Teaching Note

      The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations

      By: Mihir A. Desai and Suzanne Antoniou
      How should historic social injustices be addressed? Survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre and their descendants, including Representative Regina Goodwin of Tulsa, believe they should be addressed through reparations and have consequently continued to push the government... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Judgments; Race; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Policy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government Legislation; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Leading Change; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Loss; Motivation and Incentives; Perspective; Prejudice and Bias; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Welfare; Tulsa; Oklahoma; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., and Suzanne Antoniou. "The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 221-044, December 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • November–December 2020
      • Article

      Getting Serious About Diversity: Enough Already with the Business Case

      By: Robin Ely and David A. Thomas
      Leaders may mean well when they tout the economic payoffs of hiring more women and people of color, but there is no research support for the notion that diversifying the workforce automatically improves a company’s performance. This article critiques the popular... View Details
      Keywords: Diversity; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Change; Trust
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      Ely, Robin, and David A. Thomas. "Getting Serious About Diversity: Enough Already with the Business Case." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 6 (November–December 2020): 114–122. (Winner, McKinsey Best Paper Award, 2021. Winner, Academy of Management, Organizational Behavior Division, Outstanding Practitioner-Orientated Publication in OB, 2021.)
      • October 2020 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations

      By: Mihir A. Desai, Suzanne Antoniou and Leanne Fan
      How should historic social injustices be addressed? Survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre and their descendants, including Representative Regina Goodwin of Tulsa, believe they should be addressed through reparations and have consequently continued to push the government... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Judgments; Race; Fairness; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Policy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Government Legislation; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Lawsuits and Litigation; Legal Liability; Leading Change; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Conflict and Resolution; Conflict Management; Loss; Motivation and Incentives; Perspective; Prejudice and Bias; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Tulsa; Oklahoma; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., Suzanne Antoniou, and Leanne Fan. "The Tulsa Massacre and the Call for Reparations." Harvard Business School Case 221-039, October 2020. (Revised February 2021.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Changing Ingroup Boundaries: The Effect of Immigration on Race Relations in the U.S.

      By: Vasiliki Fouka and Marco Tabellini
      How do social group boundaries evolve? Does the appearance of a new outgroup change the ingroup's perceptions of other outgroups? We introduce a conceptual framework of context-dependent categorization, in which exposure to one minority leads to recategorization of... View Details
      Keywords: In-group-out-group Relations; Immigration; Race; Attitudes; Boundaries; Prejudice and Bias
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      Fouka, Vasiliki, and Marco Tabellini. "Changing Ingroup Boundaries: The Effect of Immigration on Race Relations in the U.S." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-100, March 2020. (Accepted at American Political Science Review. Revised June 2021.)
      • November 2019 (Revised February 2020)
      • Case

      Starbucks: Reaffirming Commitment to the Third Place Ideal

      By: Francesca Gino, Katherine B. Coffman and Jeff Huizinga
      On April 12, 2018, two African American entrepreneurs had scheduled a business meeting at a Starbucks in Philadelphia’s Rittenhouse Square neighborhood. They sat without ordering, waiting for a local businessman to show up for the meeting. The store manager called 911... View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; Values and Beliefs; Prejudice and Bias; Crisis Management; Employees; Training
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      Gino, Francesca, Katherine B. Coffman, and Jeff Huizinga. "Starbucks: Reaffirming Commitment to the Third Place Ideal." Harvard Business School Case 920-016, November 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
      • January–February 2019
      • Article

      Who Loses When a Team Wins? Better Performance Increases Racial Bias

      By: Letian Zhang
      Although it is well known that organizational and team performance influences strategic decision-making, little is known about its impact on ascriptive inequality. This study proposes a performance effect on racial bias: higher team performance reduces managers’... View Details
      Keywords: Discrimination; Race And Ethnicity; Performance Feedback; NBA; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Ethnicity; Performance; Sports
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      Zhang, Letian. "Who Loses When a Team Wins? Better Performance Increases Racial Bias." Organization Science 30, no. 1 (January–February 2019): 40–50.
      • May 28, 2018
      • Article

      How Companies Can Identify Racial and Gender Bias in Their Customer Service

      By: Alexandra C. Feldberg and Tami Kim
      Research shows that minority customers — blacks and Asians — regularly receive worse customer service than whites in ways that are not immediately obvious to onlookers (or even managers). These results prompt a couple of questions for executives and managers. One, does... View Details
      Keywords: Internal Audit; Customers; Service Delivery; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Gender; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Feldberg, Alexandra C., and Tami Kim. "How Companies Can Identify Racial and Gender Bias in Their Customer Service." Harvard Business Review (website) (May 28, 2018).
      • Article

      A Fair Game? Racial Bias and Repeated Interaction between NBA Coaches and Players

      By: Letian Zhang
      There is strong evidence of racial bias in organizations but little understanding of how it changes with repeated interaction. This study proposes that repeated interaction has the potential to reduce racial bias, but its moderating effects are limited to the treatment... View Details
      Keywords: Discrimination; Bias; Interaction; NBA; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Equality and Inequality; Interpersonal Communication; Sports
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      Zhang, Letian. "A Fair Game? Racial Bias and Repeated Interaction between NBA Coaches and Players." Administrative Science Quarterly 62, no. 4 (December 2017): 603–625.
      • July–August 2013
      • Article

      The Costs of Racial 'Color Blindness'

      By: Michael I. Norton and Evan P. Apfelbaum
      The article looks at research on people's attitudes and behaviors with respect to noticing and referring to a person's race. It explains the 2013 study, in which participants played a "Guess Who?" style game of asking yes-or-no questions about a group of faces... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Behavior; Race; Attitudes
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      Norton, Michael I., and Evan P. Apfelbaum. "The Costs of Racial 'Color Blindness'." Harvard Business Review 91, nos. 7/8 (July–August 2013): 22.
      • January 2013
      • Article

      Not Just for Stereotyping Anymore: Racial Essentialism Reduces Domain-General Creativity

      By: Carmit Tadmor, Melody Chao, Ying-yi Hong and Jeff Polzer
      Individuals who believe that racial groups have fixed underlying essences use stereotypes more than do individuals who believe that racial categories are arbitrary and malleable social-political constructions. Would this essentialist mind-set also lead to less... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Creativity; Race
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      Tadmor, Carmit, Melody Chao, Ying-yi Hong, and Jeff Polzer. "Not Just for Stereotyping Anymore: Racial Essentialism Reduces Domain-General Creativity." Psychological Science 24, no. 1 (January 2013).
      • November 2012
      • Article

      An Age Penalty in Racial Preferences

      By: Deborah A. Small, Devin G. Pope and Michael I. Norton
      We document an age penalty in racial discrimination: charitable behavior toward African American children decreases-and negative stereotypical inferences increase-with the age of those children. Using data from an online charity that solicits donations for school... View Details
      Keywords: Stereotyping; Charitable Giving; Prejudice; Prosocial Behavior; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Age; Race; Prejudice and Bias
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      Small, Deborah A., Devin G. Pope, and Michael I. Norton. "An Age Penalty in Racial Preferences." Social Psychological & Personality Science 3, no. 6 (November 2012): 730–737.
      • February 2006
      • Article

      Mixed Motives and Racial Bias: The Impact of Legitimate and Illegitimate Criteria on Decision-making.

      By: Michael I. Norton, Samuel R. Sommers, Joseph A. Vandello and John M. Darley
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Prejudice and Bias; Decision Making
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      Norton, Michael I., Samuel R. Sommers, Joseph A. Vandello, and John M. Darley. "Mixed Motives and Racial Bias: The Impact of Legitimate and Illegitimate Criteria on Decision-making." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 12, no. 1 (February 2006): 36–55.
      • 1993
      • Chapter

      Mentoring and Irrationality: The Role of Racial Taboos

      By: D. A. Thomas
      Keywords: Training; Prejudice and Bias; Race; Perception
      Citation
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      Thomas, D. A. "Mentoring and Irrationality: The Role of Racial Taboos." In The Psychodynamics of Organizations, edited by L. Hirschorn and C. K. Barnett. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act

      By: Andrea Bernini, Giovanni Facchini, Marco Tabellini and Cecilia Testa
      How did southern whites respond to the 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA)? Leveraging newly digitized data on county-level voter registration by race between 1956 and 1980, and exploiting pre-determined variation in exposure to the federal intervention, we document that... View Details
      Keywords: Government Legislation; Race; Behavior; Voting; Prejudice and Bias
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      Bernini, Andrea, Giovanni Facchini, Marco Tabellini, and Cecilia Testa. "Black Empowerment and White Mobilization: The Effects of the Voting Rights Act." Journal of Political Economy (forthcoming). (Also available on Vox EU and VoxDev. Featured on HBS Working Knowledge.)
      • Forthcoming
      • Article

      Racial Discrimination and the Social Contract: Evidence from U.S. Army Enlistment During WWII

      By: Nancy Qian and Marco Tabellini
      This paper documents that the Pearl Harbor attack triggered a sharp increase in volunteer enlistment rates of American men, the magnitude of the increase was smaller for Black men than for white men and the Black-white gap was larger in counties with higher levels of... View Details
      Keywords: State Capacity; Institutions; War; History; Race; Prejudice and Bias; Government Administration
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      Qian, Nancy, and Marco Tabellini. "Racial Discrimination and the Social Contract: Evidence from U.S. Army Enlistment During WWII." Review of Economic Studies (forthcoming). (Pre-published online May 22, 2025. Available also from KelloggInsight, HBS Working Knowledge, and NBER.)
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