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- All HBS Web
(8,172)
- People (33)
- News (1,932)
- Research (4,737)
- Events (35)
- Multimedia (45)
- Faculty Publications (3,081)
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- September 2017 (Revised July 2023)
- Case
Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future?
By: Ariel D. Stern and Sarah Mehta
In July 2017, Dr. Brian M. Alexander, president and CEO of the AGILE Research Foundation, was preparing to launch a new type of clinical trial—an adaptive platform trial—to study potential therapies for glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive form of brain cancer.... View Details
Keywords: Clinical Trials; Cancer; Adaptive Platform Trials; Platform Trials; Adaptive Trials; Glioblastoma; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Health Testing and Trials; Business Strategy; Innovation Strategy; Health Industry; United States
Stern, Ariel D., and Sarah Mehta. "Adaptive Platform Trials: The Clinical Trial of the Future?" Harvard Business School Case 618-025, September 2017. (Revised July 2023.)
- December 2020 (Revised March 2021)
- Case
eXp Realty and the Virbela Platform
By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Jan Bena, David Rowat and Emma Salomon
As he considered his plans for the future, Glenn Sanford, CEO of eXp World Holdings, Inc., faced an exciting conundrum. He had built the first all-remote real estate brokerage firm, eXp Realty, which had been growing exponentially and was thriving, even amidst the... View Details
Keywords: Real Estate; All Remote; Virtual Platform; Internet and the Web; Strategy; Decision Making; Resource Allocation; Digital Platforms; Real Estate Industry; Technology Industry
Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Jan Bena, David Rowat, and Emma Salomon. "eXp Realty and the Virbela Platform." Harvard Business School Case 621-068, December 2020. (Revised March 2021.)
- October 2019
- Article
Adaptive Platform Trials: Definition, Design, Conduct and Reporting Considerations
By: Derek C. Angus, Brian M. Alexander, Scott Berry, Meredith Buxton, Roger Lewis, Melissa Paoloni, Steven A. R. Webb, Steven Arnold, Anna Barker, Donald A. Berry, Marc J. M. Bonten, Mary Brophy, Christopher Butler, Timothy F. Cloughesy, Lennie P. G. Derde, Laura J. Esserman, Ryan Ferguson, Louis Fiore, Sarah C. Gaffey, J. Michael Gaziano, Kathy Giusti, Herman Goossens, Stephane Heritier, Bradley Hyman, Michael Krams, Kay Larholt, Lisa M. LaVange, Philip Lavori, Andrew W. Lo, Alexander J. London, Victoria Manax, Colin McArthur, Genevieve O’Neill, Giovanni Parmigiani, Jane Perlmutter, Elizabeth A. Petzold, Craig Ritchie, Kathryn M. Rowan, Christopher W. Seymour, Nathan I. Shapiro, Diane M. Simeone, Bradley Smith, Bradley Spellberg, Ariel Dora Stern, Lorenzo Trippa, Mark Trusheim, Kert Viele, Patrick Y. Wen and Janet Woodcock
Researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and patients are increasingly interested in questions about therapeutic interventions that are difficult or costly to answer with traditional, free-standing, parallel-group randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Examples include... View Details
Angus, Derek C., Brian M. Alexander, Scott Berry, Meredith Buxton, Roger Lewis, Melissa Paoloni, Steven A. R. Webb, Steven Arnold, Anna Barker, Donald A. Berry, Marc J. M. Bonten, Mary Brophy, Christopher Butler, Timothy F. Cloughesy, Lennie P. G. Derde, Laura J. Esserman, Ryan Ferguson, Louis Fiore, Sarah C. Gaffey, J. Michael Gaziano, Kathy Giusti, Herman Goossens, Stephane Heritier, Bradley Hyman, Michael Krams, Kay Larholt, Lisa M. LaVange, Philip Lavori, Andrew W. Lo, Alexander J. London, Victoria Manax, Colin McArthur, Genevieve O’Neill, Giovanni Parmigiani, Jane Perlmutter, Elizabeth A. Petzold, Craig Ritchie, Kathryn M. Rowan, Christopher W. Seymour, Nathan I. Shapiro, Diane M. Simeone, Bradley Smith, Bradley Spellberg, Ariel Dora Stern, Lorenzo Trippa, Mark Trusheim, Kert Viele, Patrick Y. Wen, and Janet Woodcock. "Adaptive Platform Trials: Definition, Design, Conduct and Reporting Considerations." Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery 18, no. 10 (October 2019): 797–807.
- December 2022
- Article
Competition, Contracts, and Creativity: Evidence from Novel Writing in a Platform Market
By: Yanhui Wu and Feng Zhu
A growing number of people today are participating in the gig economy, working as independent contractors on short-term projects. We study the effects of competition on gig workers' effort and creativity on a Chinese novel-writing platform. Authors produce and sell... View Details
Keywords: Gig Workers; Platform-based Markets; Novel Writing; Creative Production; Platform Bias; Employment; Digital Platforms; Creativity; Books; Competition; Contracts
Wu, Yanhui, and Feng Zhu. "Competition, Contracts, and Creativity: Evidence from Novel Writing in a Platform Market." Management Science 68, no. 12 (December 2022): 8613–8634.
- October 2020 (Revised December 2020)
- Case
AfricInvest: A Pan-African Investment Platform
By: Victoria Ivashina and Youssef Abdel Aal
The case is set in December 2018, when Ziad Oueslati, co-managing director and co-founder of AfricInvest, a leading pan-African private equity firm headquartered in Tunisia, was reflecting on the future direction of his firm. AfricInvest started as a traditional small... View Details
Keywords: Finance; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Strategy; Governance; Financial Services Industry; Tunisia; Africa; Middle East
Ivashina, Victoria, and Youssef Abdel Aal. "AfricInvest: A Pan-African Investment Platform." Harvard Business School Case 221-037, October 2020. (Revised December 2020.)
- January 2002 (Revised May 2002)
- Case
Digital China Holdings Limited: ERP as a Platform for Building New Capabilities
By: F. Warren McFarlan, Guoqing Chen and Kai Reimers
This case analyzes a complex ERP implementation that takes place in one of the leading companies in China. The issues are indistinguishable from those facing a U.S. organization. View Details
Keywords: Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Information Technology; Complexity; Problems and Challenges; China
McFarlan, F. Warren, Guoqing Chen, and Kai Reimers. "Digital China Holdings Limited: ERP as a Platform for Building New Capabilities." Harvard Business School Case 302-080, January 2002. (Revised May 2002.)
- 10 Dec 2014
- Working Paper Summaries
Multi-sided Platforms
- June 2024
- Case
Aidoc: Building a Hospital-Centric AI Platform
By: Ariel D. Stern and Susan Pinckney
In 2023, Israel-based AI health care company Aidoc evaluated its future. The company, founded in 2016, had grown from commercializing a single AI product for radiologists to a software platform that could detect 20 conditions and immediately notify care teams of... View Details
Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Model; Business Organization; Business Startups; Disruption; Cost vs Benefits; Decision Choices and Conditions; Decisions; Private Sector; Entrepreneurial Finance; Global Range; Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Governance Compliance; Governance Controls; Governing and Advisory Boards; Policy; Medical Specialties; AI and Machine Learning; Digital Platforms; Digital Transformation; Technology Adoption; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Laws and Statutes; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Distribution; Product Development; Success; Performance Efficiency; Strategic Planning; Research and Development; Risk and Uncertainty; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Value Creation; Health Industry; Israel
Stern, Ariel D., and Susan Pinckney. "Aidoc: Building a Hospital-Centric AI Platform." Harvard Business School Case 624-046, June 2024.
- 22 Jul 2019
- Book
How to Be a Digital Platform Leader
interest in the subject was initially stimulated by the explosive growth of the Microsoft Windows operating system. The real value of Windows, we learned, was not about the product, per se, but the applications written by independent software vendors. View Details
Keywords: by Martha Lagace
- March 2024 (Revised May 2025)
- Case
Governing OpenAI (A)
By: Lynn S. Paine, Suraj Srinivasan and Will Hurwitz
In late November 2023, OpenAI’s new board of directors took stock of the situation. The company, which sought to develop artificial general intelligence (AGI)—computer systems with capabilities exceeding human abilities—was looking to regain its footing after a chaotic... View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Board Of Directors; Board Decisions; Board Dynamics; Corporate Boards; Governance Changes; Governance Structure; Leadership Change; Legal Aspects Of Business; Nonprofit Governance; Strategy And Execution; Technological Change; AI and Machine Learning; Corporate Governance; Leadership; Management; Mission and Purpose; Technological Innovation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resignation and Termination; Ethics; Nonprofit Organizations; Open Source Distribution; Partners and Partnerships; Technology Industry; San Francisco; United States
Paine, Lynn S., Suraj Srinivasan, and Will Hurwitz. "Governing OpenAI (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-103, March 2024. (Revised May 2025.)
- 2011
- Working Paper
Quantity vs. Quality: Exclusion by Platforms with Network Effects
By: Andrei Hagiu
This paper provides a simple model of platforms with direct network effects, in which users value not just the quantity (i.e., number) of other users who join, but also their average quality in some dimension. A monopoly platform is more likely to exclude low-quality... View Details
Keywords: Multi-sided Platforms; Exclusion; Quality And Quantity; Cost; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Network Effects; Market Participation; Digital Platforms; Monopoly; Quality; Motivation and Incentives; Strategy
Hagiu, Andrei. "Quantity vs. Quality: Exclusion by Platforms with Network Effects." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-125, May 2011.
- September 2018 (Revised October 2018)
- Supplement
Lexoo: Building a Long-Lasting Platform
By: Chiara Farronato and Elena Corsi
Lexoo, a UK-based online marketplace for legal services, was facing the strategic choice of how to grow from early start-up to mature platform. Daniel van Binsbergen, Lexoo's CEO, and web developer Chris O'Sullivan, CTO, had set up Lexoo to help Small and Medium-Sized... View Details
- August 2021 (Revised February 2022)
- Case
Lexoo: Building a Long-Lasting Platform (Abridged)
By: Chiara Farronato and Elena Corsi
Lexoo, a UK-based online marketplace for legal services, was facing the strategic choice of how to grow from early start-up to mature platform. Daniel van Binsbergen, Lexoo's CEO, and web developer Chris O'Sullivan, CTO, had set up Lexoo to help Small and Medium-Sized... View Details
Keywords: Legal Services; Marketplaces; Pivot; Growth and Development Strategy; Digital Platforms; Small Business; Service Operations; Decision Making; Legal Services Industry
Farronato, Chiara, and Elena Corsi. "Lexoo: Building a Long-Lasting Platform (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 622-043, August 2021. (Revised February 2022.)
- November 2022 (Revised December 2024)
- Case
Hugging Face (A): Serving AI on a Platform
By: Shane Greenstein, Daniel Yue, Sarah Gulick and Kerry Herman
It is fall 2022, and open-source AI model company Hugging Face is considering its three areas of priorities: platform development, supporting the open-source community, and pursuing cutting-edge scientific research. As it expands services for enterprise clients, which... View Details
Keywords: Community; Open-source; AI and Machine Learning; Product Development; Networks; Service Delivery; Research; Governance; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Information Industry; Technology Industry; United States
Greenstein, Shane, Daniel Yue, Sarah Gulick, and Kerry Herman. "Hugging Face (A): Serving AI on a Platform." Harvard Business School Case 623-026, November 2022. (Revised December 2024.)
- Article
Repositioning and Cost-Cutting: The Impact of Competition on Platform Strategies
By: Robert Seamans and Feng Zhu
Organizational structures are increasingly complex. In particular, more firms today operate as multi-sided platforms. In this paper, we study how platform firms use repositioning and cost-cutting in response to competition, elucidate external and internal factors that... View Details
Keywords: Platform Strategy; Repositioning; Cost-cutting; Intra-firm Learning; Multi-Sided Platforms; Cost Management; Product Positioning; Organizational Structure; Competitive Strategy; Knowledge Acquisition; Journalism and News Industry
Seamans, Robert, and Feng Zhu. "Repositioning and Cost-Cutting: The Impact of Competition on Platform Strategies." Strategy Science 2, no. 2 (June 2017): 83–99.
- 26 Oct 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
When Does a Platform Create Value by Limiting Choice?
- February 2015
- Case
TouchTunes and the Connected Digital Jukebox Platform
By: Alan MacCormack and Noah Fisher
The case describes innovation and new product development at TouchTunes, the leader in the Digital Jukebox market. In March 2013, after releasing its innovative "Virtuo" jukebox developed in collaboration with frog design, TouchTunes was at a crossroads. Having... View Details
- October 2015
- Case
Bigbelly
By: Mitch Weiss and Christine Snively
To accelerate Bigbelly's sales growth and its "smart cities" positioning, its CEO planned to shift his company from equipment sales to a subscription service. Jack Kutner hoped to re-position Bigbelly's solar-powered trash compacting stations beyond trash and recycling... View Details
Keywords: Public Entrepreneurship; Smart Cities; Government Innovation; Internet Of Things; IoT; Anything As A Service; Platform As A Service; Infrastructure As A Service; PaaS; Xaas; Bigbelly; Jack Kutner; B2G; Civic Innovation; City Innovation; Government Technology; Govtech; Civic Technology; Entrepreneurship; Sales; Innovation and Invention; Digital Platforms; Internet and the Web; Information Technology Industry; Public Administration Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Web Services Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Massachusetts; United States; Boston; Chicago; Philadelphia; New York (city, NY)
Weiss, Mitch, and Christine Snively. "Bigbelly." Harvard Business School Case 816-005, October 2015.
- July 2007 (Revised March 2008)
- Background Note
Staging Two-Sided Platforms
By: Thomas R. Eisenmann and Andrei Hagiu
Firms that aspire to develop two-sided platforms face a formidable challenge. Prospective users on each side will not invest in the platform until they are confident there will be enough users on the other side. Traditional strategies for dealing with this... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Risk Management; Two-Sided Platforms; Supply Chain; Strategy; Retail Industry
Eisenmann, Thomas R., and Andrei Hagiu. "Staging Two-Sided Platforms." Harvard Business School Background Note 808-004, July 2007. (Revised March 2008.)