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    • All HBS Web  (2,946)
      • Faculty Publications  (607)

      Economic And Environmental PerformanceRemove Economic And Environmental Performance →

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      • 2025
      • Chapter

      Sustainability and Green Business in Latin America

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      This chapter argues that since the nineteenth century capitalism has created much wealth, but at the cost of massive ecological destruction, which has been particularly severe in Latin America. During the first global economy before 1929, considerable wealth was... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Business History; Globalization; Economic Growth; Latin America
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      Jones, Geoffrey. "Sustainability and Green Business in Latin America." Chap. 8 in A Business History of Latin America, edited by Andrea Lluch, Martin Monsalve Zanatti, and Marcelo Bucheli, 159–174. New York, NY, United States: Routledge, 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      Hippo: Weathering the Storm of the Home Insurance Crisis (B)

      By: Lauren Cohen, Grace Headinger and Sophia Pan
      Rick McCathron, CEO of Hippo, was optimistic about the InsurTech's path to profitability after navigating the financial uncertainties of 2022. By bundling their home insurance services with third-parties and established insurance incumbents, Hippo was adopting a... View Details
      Keywords: Fintech; Underwriters; Big Data; Homeowners' Insurance; Catastrophe Risk; Global Warming; Environment; Business Economics; Vertical Specialization; Bundling; Economies Of Scale; Business Model; Forecasting and Prediction; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Technological Innovation; Natural Environment; Natural Disasters; Weather; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Business Earnings; Insurance; Social Issues; Profit; Growth and Development Strategy; Insurance Industry; California; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Grace Headinger, and Sophia Pan. "Hippo: Weathering the Storm of the Home Insurance Crisis (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 225-051, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service

      By: George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel and Stacy Straaberg
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 124-007. The Germany-based startup Vytal operated the largest digital-native reusable packaging-as-a-service network globally, having raised nearly €15 million, established a large network of restaurant partners, and prevented the use of... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Business Growth and Maturation; Growth and Development Strategy; Business Startups; Resource Allocation; Risk Management; Adoption; Strategy; Performance Productivity; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Supply Chain; Distribution; Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Business Model; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Profit; Financing and Loans; Expansion; Green Technology Industry; Service Industry; Retail Industry; Germany; Europe
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      Serafeim, George, Michael W. Toffel, and Stacy Straaberg. "Vytal: Packaging-as-a-Service." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 125-003, January 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Blue Frontier: Disrupting Air Conditioning

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Serial entrepreneur Daniel Betts founded Blue Frontier in South Florida to offer a climate-friendly solution to increase air conditioning efficiency and dehumidify using new technology he developed. Backed by significant venture capital, Blue Frontier had to choose... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Performance Efficiency; Business Strategy; Florida
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Blue Frontier: Disrupting Air Conditioning." Harvard Business School Case 325-088, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Policy-Aware Experimentation: Strategic Sampling for Optimized Targeting Policies

      By: Yi-Wen Chen, Eva Ascarza and Oded Netzer
      Firms often rely on randomized experiments to estimate customer-level treatment effects for targeting policies. Standard "test-then-learn" approaches typically sample customers uniformly to optimize estimation accuracy but ignore economic objectives, leading to... View Details
      Keywords: Research; Customer Focus and Relationships; Profit
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      Chen, Yi-Wen, Eva Ascarza, and Oded Netzer. "Policy-Aware Experimentation: Strategic Sampling for Optimized Targeting Policies." Columbia Business School Research Paper Series, No. 5044549, December 2024. (Revised June 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Contribution

      Work

      By: Nien-hê Hsieh and Julie L. Rose
      This chapter has two aims. First, in light of the continued dominance of market capitalism, one aim of the chapter is to examine contemporary approaches to traditional concerns about the impact of market capitalism on the manner in which work is carried out. By the... View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Design; Employees; Labor
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      Hsieh, Nien-hê, and Julie L. Rose. "Work." Contribution to Chap. 69 Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. Second Edition edited by Gerald F. Gaus, Fred D'Agostino, and Ryan Muldoon, 786–797. London: Routledge, 2025.
      • November 2024 (Revised July 2025)
      • Case

      Polish Agro: Where Do We Grow from Here?

      By: Willy C. Shih, Lena Duchene and Daniela Beyersdorfer
      By July 2024, Polish Agro had grown into one of Poland’s fastest-growing agribusinesses, with €230 million in revenue, 82 employees, and operations across Northern Poland. The company supported farmers with essential agricultural inputs like fertilizers and seeds,... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Distribution; Volatility; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Profit; Trade; Digital Strategy; Innovation Strategy; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Advertising; Brands and Branding; E-commerce; Business and Community Relations; Networks; Adaptation; Adoption; Competitive Advantage; Business Model; Health Pandemics; War; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; Poland
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      Shih, Willy C., Lena Duchene, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. "Polish Agro: Where Do We Grow from Here?" Harvard Business School Case 625-061, November 2024. (Revised July 2025.)
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Scaling Core Earnings Measurement with Large Language Models

      By: Matthew Shaffer and Charles CY Wang
      We study the application of large language models (LLMs) to the estimation of core earnings, i.e., a firm's persistent profitability from its core business activities. This construct is central to investors' assessments of economic performance and valuations. However,... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Models; AI and Machine Learning; Accounting; Profit; Corporate Disclosure; Analytics and Data Science; Measurement and Metrics
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      Shaffer, Matthew, and Charles CY Wang. "Scaling Core Earnings Measurement with Large Language Models." Working Paper, November 2024.
      • November 5, 2024
      • Article

      The International Empirics of Management

      By: Daniela Scur, Scott Ohlmacher, John Van Reenen, Morten Bennedsen, Nick Bloom, Ali Choudhary, Lucia Foster, Jesse Groenewegen, Arti Grover, Sjoerd Hardeman, Leonardo Iacovone, Ryo Kambayashi, Marie-Christine Laible, Renata Lemos, Hongbin Li, Andrea Linarello, Mika Maliranta, Denis Medvedev, Charlotte Meng, John Miles Touya, Natalia Mandirola, Roope Ohlsbom, Atsushi Ohyama, Megha Patnaik, Mariana Pereira-López, Raffaella Sadun, Tatsuro Senga, Franklin Qian and Florian Zimmermann
      A country’s national income broadly depends on the quantity and quality of workers and capital. But how well these factors are managed within and between firms may be a key determinant of a country’s productivity and its GDP. Although social scientists have long... View Details
      Keywords: Performance Productivity; Economy; Management Practices and Processes
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      Scur, Daniela, Scott Ohlmacher, John Van Reenen, Morten Bennedsen, Nick Bloom, Ali Choudhary, Lucia Foster, Jesse Groenewegen, Arti Grover, Sjoerd Hardeman, Leonardo Iacovone, Ryo Kambayashi, Marie-Christine Laible, Renata Lemos, Hongbin Li, Andrea Linarello, Mika Maliranta, Denis Medvedev, Charlotte Meng, John Miles Touya, Natalia Mandirola, Roope Ohlsbom, Atsushi Ohyama, Megha Patnaik, Mariana Pereira-López, Raffaella Sadun, Tatsuro Senga, Franklin Qian, and Florian Zimmermann. "The International Empirics of Management." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, no. 45 (November 5, 2024).
      • October 2024
      • Case

      NextGen CDR Facility: From Davos to Details

      By: Peter Tufano, Emily A. Chien and Karina Val
      Next Gen CDR is a startup that pools corporate commitments to purchase Tech CDR, which promises to permanently remove and store carbon from the atmosphere to combat climate change. A partnership between South Pole and Mitsubishi Corp., Next Gen has secured initial... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Partners and Partnerships; Corporate Governance; Investment; Agreements and Arrangements
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      Tufano, Peter, Emily A. Chien, and Karina Val. "NextGen CDR Facility: From Davos to Details." Harvard Business School Case 325-056, October 2024.
      • October 2024
      • Case

      Estímulo: Blended Finance in Brazil

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi, James Barnett, Maxim Pike Harrell and Marina Osborn
      In December 2022, Estímulo—a Brazilian impact investment fund supporting small businesses—found itself at a crossroads. The fund was established in 2020 to provide emergency relief through accessible credit and financial education. When low default rates from borrowers... View Details
      Keywords: Credit; Financial Management; Financing and Loans; Investment; Social Enterprise; Business Model; Financial Services Industry; Brazil; South America; Latin America
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., James Barnett, Maxim Pike Harrell, and Marina Osborn. "Estímulo: Blended Finance in Brazil." Harvard Business School Case 325-016, October 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      Pitfalls of Demographic Forecasts of U.S. Elections

      By: Richard Calvo, Vincent Pons and Jesse M. Shapiro
      Many observers have forecast large partisan shifts in the US electorate based on demographic trends. Such forecasts are appealing because demographic trends are often predictable even over long horizons. We backtest demographic forecasts using data on US elections... View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Voting; Political Elections; Trends; Forecasting and Prediction; Demographics
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      Calvo, Richard, Vincent Pons, and Jesse M. Shapiro. "Pitfalls of Demographic Forecasts of U.S. Elections." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 33016, October 2024.
      • September 2024 (Revised February 2025)
      • Case

      Aramco: Navigating the Energy Transition

      By: Tarun Khanna and Gizem Cihan Dincsoy
      In March 2024, Amin Nasser, president, and CEO of the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Aramco), had just delivered a speech about the future of energy at a global energy conference. The world was behind schedule in meeting long-term climate change goals. The global shift... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Transmission; Oil & Gas; Economic Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Leadership; Business Strategy; Goals and Objectives; Transition; Environmental Sustainability; Diversification; Energy Industry; Saudi Arabia
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      Khanna, Tarun, and Gizem Cihan Dincsoy. "Aramco: Navigating the Energy Transition." Harvard Business School Case 725-358, September 2024. (Revised February 2025.)
      • September 20, 2024
      • Article

      It’s Time to Unbundle ESG

      By: Aaron K. Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
      ESG is at an inflection point. It has come to represent a broad and inchoate aspiration for what business should be doing beyond maximizing shareholder value. With ESG advocates on the defensive, business leaders need a new roadmap to determine which factors to... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; ESG Ratings; ESG Reporting; ESG Disclosure; Sustainability; Climate; Climate Finance; Climate Risk; Social Accounting; Investment; Governance; Safety; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Services Industry
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      Chatterji, Aaron K., and Michael W. Toffel. "It’s Time to Unbundle ESG." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 20, 2024).
      • September 2024
      • Case

      The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

      By: Meg Rithmire, Hong Zhang and Salaar A. Shaikh
      Since the launch of CPEC, two of Pakistan’s Prime Ministers had been removed from office, one by the Supreme Court and the other in a no confidence vote. Historic floods had underscored the country’s vulnerability to climate change, and the country had agreed to two... View Details
      Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Macroeconomics; Climate Change; Financing and Loans; Government Administration; International Relations; Political Elections; Projects; China; Pakistan
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      Rithmire, Meg, Hong Zhang, and Salaar A. Shaikh. "The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor." Harvard Business School Case 725-007, September 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Consequences of Export Controls in Target Countries

      By: Xueyue Liu, Yu Liu and Jaya Y. Wen
      Export controls are a common instrument of national security, but their economic consequences are not well understood. This paper evaluates how these controls affect firm performance and adaptation in targeted countries. We use variation in a 2007 US policy,... View Details
      Keywords: National Security; Trade; Business and Government Relations; Policy; Performance Productivity; Adaptation
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      Liu, Xueyue, Yu Liu, and Jaya Y. Wen. "The Consequences of Export Controls in Target Countries." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-004, August 2024.
      • July 2024 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors: Bringing Systematic Investment to Philanthropy

      By: Lauren Cohen, Hao Gao, Alexander Bischoff and Sophia Pan
      Melissa Berman, CEO of Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors (RPA), evaluated her client’s philanthropy project and its mediocre performance. RPA was a segment of the Rockefeller Family Office’s Philanthropy Department, becoming an independent charity in 2002. Consistently... View Details
      Keywords: Philanthropic Sector; Foundation; Due Diligence; Humanitarianism; Humanitarian Assistance; Grants; HNW Products And Services; Donations; Impact; Advisor; Advice; Consulting; Funding; Consulting Services; Family Business; Cost vs Benefits; Developing Countries and Economies; Private Sector; Spending; Mission and Purpose; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Performance Evaluation; Nonprofit Organizations; Reputation; Social and Collaborative Networks; Social Issues; Wealth and Poverty; Experience and Expertise; Consulting Industry; New York (city, NY); New York (state, US); United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Hao Gao, Alexander Bischoff, and Sophia Pan. "Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors: Bringing Systematic Investment to Philanthropy." Harvard Business School Case 225-005, July 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • July 2024
      • Case

      Jacqueline Cook at Vendasta: Debating an IPO

      By: Reza Satchu, Tom Quinn and Andrew Kosc
      In May 2021, after a surge in demand for digital services that prompted high valuations for startups across the Canadian tech sector, Saskatchewan-based Vendasta entered the final stages of the initial public offering (IPO) process. COO Jacqueline Cook had invested her... View Details
      Keywords: Business Growth and Maturation; Business Startups; Interpersonal Communication; Cost vs Benefits; Forecasting and Prediction; Business Cycles; Entrepreneurship; Fairness; Capital Markets; Private Equity; Investment Banking; Stock Options; Financial Markets; Initial Public Offering; Institutional Investing; Price Bubble; Digital Platforms; Digital Transformation; Internet and the Web; Leadership; Growth and Development Strategy; Managerial Roles; Agreements and Arrangements; Going Public; Ownership Stake; Performance Expectations; Work-Life Balance; Strategic Planning; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Rank and Position; Risk and Uncertainty; Opportunities; Happiness; Reputation; Status and Position; Well-being; Information Technology Industry; Retail Industry; Canada
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      Satchu, Reza, Tom Quinn, and Andrew Kosc. "Jacqueline Cook at Vendasta: Debating an IPO." Harvard Business School Case 825-037, July 2024.
      • June 2024 (Revised August 2024)
      • Case

      Cementos Argos in the U.S.: Go Big or Go Home?

      By: Jorge Tamayo, Ruth Costas, Pedro Levindo and Karina Souza
      In April 2011, Colombian group Cementos Argos had to decide on whether to double down its business in the U.S., amidst the U.S. cement industry’s lowest performance in 30 years. Argos— Colombia’s leading cement producer and one of the “jewels” of Grupo GEA, the... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Organization; Business Subsidiaries; Talent and Talent Management; Cost vs Benefits; Financial Crisis; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Business Strategy; Construction Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Latin America; South America; North and Central America; United States; Colombia
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      Tamayo, Jorge, Ruth Costas, Pedro Levindo, and Karina Souza. "Cementos Argos in the U.S.: Go Big or Go Home?" Harvard Business School Case 724-500, June 2024. (Revised August 2024.)
      • June 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Miami's Climate Tech Potential (A): The State of Play

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 324-119. Miami-Dade County led the work to get South Florida designated a national climate resilience tech hub, the only one of 31 focused on climate change, an urgent major issue for the region in light of global warming and sea level... View Details
      Keywords: Technology; Climate; Entrepreneur; Development; Startup; Climate Change; Venture Capital; Investment; Entrepreneurship; Green Technology; Government Administration; City; Miami
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "Miami's Climate Tech Potential (A): The State of Play." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 324-132, June 2024.
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