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      • January 2024
      • Background Note

      Evaluating Innovations in the Organization of Primary Care: What Type of Innovation Is It and How Well Does It Align with the Six Factors?

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and James Wallace
      How can we evaluate if innovative health care ventures can do good—benefit society—and do well—become financially viable? This question is the topic of the first module in the Innovating in Health Care course book.

      This note and "Health Stop (A): What Type... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Health Care and Treatment; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Mission and Purpose; Alignment; Health Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and James Wallace. "Evaluating Innovations in the Organization of Primary Care: What Type of Innovation Is It and How Well Does It Align with the Six Factors?" Harvard Business School Background Note 324-037, January 2024.
      • November 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Infarm: Betting the (Indoor) Farm on Food Security

      By: Elie Ofek
      In the summer of 2023, the co-founders of Infarm, a controlled environment agriculture (CEA) company, were contemplating a major pivot going forward. While Infarm had successfully shown it could grow over 75 products—mainly herbs, leafy greens and mushrooms—in modular... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Business Model; Market Entry and Exit; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Transition; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; North America; Toronto; Northeastern United States
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      Ofek, Elie. "Infarm: Betting the (Indoor) Farm on Food Security." Harvard Business School Case 524-043, November 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems: Implications for Policymakers

      By: Feng Zhu and Carmelo Cennamo
      The digital realm is undergoing a significant transformation, marked by the emergence of platform business models and the concept of open ecosystems. This paper delves into the intricate nature of ecosystem openness, underscoring the point that the openness of... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Business Model; Governance; System; Situation or Environment
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      Zhu, Feng, and Carmelo Cennamo. "Toward a Better Understanding of Open Ecosystems: Implications for Policymakers." Working Paper, November 2023.
      • October 20, 2023
      • Article

      How ENGOs Can Support Corporate Climate Change Efforts

      By: Michael W. Toffel
      Nearly half of CEOs view climate change as affecting their companies now or within the coming decade, but there is also a wide gap between what CEOs say is progress on tackling climate change and what many of their investors believe are effective actions. Companies... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations
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      Toffel, Michael W. "How ENGOs Can Support Corporate Climate Change Efforts." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 20, 2023).
      • October 10, 2023
      • Article

      10 Reasons Why Inclusion Is a Competitive Advantage

      By: Frances X. Frei and Anne Morriss
      In their new book, Move Fast and Fix Things, Frances Frei and Anne Morriss outline five strategies to help leaders tackle their hardest problems and quickly make change. Their third strategy is creating an inclusive environment that allows all employees to... View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Performance Improvement
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      Frei, Frances X., and Anne Morriss. "10 Reasons Why Inclusion Is a Competitive Advantage." Harvard Business Review (website) (October 10, 2023).
      • August 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Amram Migdal and Susan Pinckney
      Arla implemented a data-based price incentive system to measure, track, and influence climate friendly changes to reduce CO2 emissions across the world’s fourth largest dairy cooperative. View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Earnings Management; Environmental Accounting; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Amram Migdal, and Susan Pinckney. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 624-031, August 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Business Earnings; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decision Making; Decisions; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Global Strategy; Ownership Type; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Germany; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (A)." Harvard Business School Case 624-003, August 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
      • August 2023 (Revised January 2024)
      • Supplement

      Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)

      By: Michael Parzen, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney and Amram Migdal
      The case describes Arla’s history, in particular its climate change mitigation efforts, and how it implemented a price incentive system to motivate individual farms to implement scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures and receive a higher milk price. The... View Details
      Keywords: Dairy Industry; Earnings Management; Environmental Accounting; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Mergers and Acquisitions; Decisions; Voting; Climate Change; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Pollution; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Financial Strategy; Price; Profit; Revenue; Food; Geopolitical Units; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Cooperative Ownership; Performance Efficiency; Performance Evaluation; Problems and Challenges; Natural Environment; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercial Banking; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Motivation and Incentives; Food and Beverage Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; European Union; Denmark; Sweden; Luxembourg; Belgium
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      Parzen, Michael, Michael W. Toffel, Susan Pinckney, and Amram Migdal. "Arla Foods: Data-Driven Decarbonization (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 624-036, August 2023. (Revised January 2024.)
      • March 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Sustainability Reporting at Dollar Tree, Inc.

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Li-Kuan Ni
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 122-044. The case discusses the ESG strategy of Dollar Tree Inc., a U.S. Fortune 500 company in the deep discount retail industry and the shareholder pressure faced by the company. In 2022, the company faced a shareholder resolution from... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Sustainability; Shareholder Activism; Dollar Tree; Sustainability Reporting; ESG Reporting; Board Of Directors; Shareholder Engagement; GHG; Environmental Accounting; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Trends; Communication; Announcements; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Reports; Business or Company Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Outcome or Result; Strategic Planning; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Situation or Environment; Opportunities; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Public Opinion; Strategy; Adaptation; Alignment; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Retail Industry; United States; Virginia
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Li-Kuan Ni. "Sustainability Reporting at Dollar Tree, Inc." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-077, March 2023.
      • February 2023 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Santiago, Chile

      By: Willis Emmons, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Ruth Costas
      The case uses the example of the opening of the first IKEA furniture store in Chile – which is operated by Chilean group Falabella – to discuss the opportunities and challenges of doing business in the country. It gives readers an overview of Chile’s economic... View Details
      Keywords: Business Cycles; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economy; Macroeconomics; Business History; Chile; Latin America
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      Emmons, Willis, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Ruth Costas. "Doing Business in Santiago, Chile." Harvard Business School Case 323-085, February 2023. (Revised June 2023.)
      • December 13, 2022
      • Article

      6 Ways Companies Fail to Help Workers Grow

      By: Joseph Fuller, Matthew Sigelman and Nik Dawson
      The authors recently studied Fortune 250 companies and ranked them based on the lived experience of three million of their U.S. workers. One of their key findings was that even top-ranked firms fail to deliver consistently on worker advancement. To understand why this... View Details
      Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Training; Business Model; Outcome or Result; Performance Evaluation; Opportunities
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      Fuller, Joseph, Matthew Sigelman, and Nik Dawson. "6 Ways Companies Fail to Help Workers Grow." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 13, 2022).
      • November 2022 (Revised April 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      Teaching note in support of the case "Driving Decarbonization at BMW" (HBS No. 123-008) View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Climate Change; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Germany; Europe; China; United States
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-049, November 2022. (Revised April 2025.)
      • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation

      By: Brian Trelstad and Bonnie Yining Cao
      Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART), a set of software and analytical tools designed for the purpose of wildlife conservation, had demonstrated significant improvements in patrol coverage, with some observed reductions in poaching and contributing to wildlife... View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Emerging Markets; Technology Adoption; Strategy; Management; Ethics; Social Enterprise; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Natural Environment; Technology Industry; Cambodia; United States; Africa
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Bonnie Yining Cao. "SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation." Harvard Business School Case 323-036, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Weapons of Self Destruction: Zak Pym Williams and the Cultivation of Mental Wellness

      By: Lauren Cohen, Ronnie Stangler and Grace Headinger
      Zak Pym Williams, mental health advocate, grappled with the question of how to create a proactive mental health family environment for his children. Having witnessed how mental health challenges such as addiction and depression had impacted the past four generations of... View Details
      Keywords: Family; U.S.; Mental Health; Family Business; Entertainment; Values and Beliefs; Ethics; Leading Change; Family and Family Relationships; Well-being; Social Issues; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States; California
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      Cohen, Lauren, Ronnie Stangler, and Grace Headinger. "Weapons of Self Destruction: Zak Pym Williams and the Cultivation of Mental Wellness." Harvard Business School Case 223-033, October 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      The case describes BMW’s electrification and decarbonization strategy, and how the company measured carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of its vehicles and used tools like carbon abatement cost curves to evaluate decarbonization opportunities. In mid-2022,... View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Change; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Germany; China; United States; Europe
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Case 123-008, October 2022. (Revised June 2024.)
      • September 2022 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Navya: Steering toward a Driverless Future

      By: Julian De Freitas, Elie Ofek, Shaun Ingledew and Tonia Labruyere
      In 2022, Sophie Desormière arrived at French roboshuttle producer Navya, tasked with charting a new course in a challenging sector. The company, which had recently listed on the Paris Stock Exchange, was burning through cash reserves and needed to transform the promise... View Details
      Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles; Market Entry and Exit; Opportunities; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Consumer Behavior; Business Model; Auto Industry; Transportation Industry; France; United States
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      De Freitas, Julian, Elie Ofek, Shaun Ingledew, and Tonia Labruyere. "Navya: Steering toward a Driverless Future." Harvard Business School Case 523-046, September 2022. (Revised May 2024.)
      • August 2022
      • Exercise

      Joy4Home Brands: Pricing Matters

      By: Elie Ofek, Oded Koenigsberg and Marco Bertini
      Joy4Home Brands, the maker of novel houseware items, was gearing up for its launch. The company would be introducing two lines: kitchenware products and storage containers. The initial go-to-market plan called for a direct to consumer (DTC) channel strategy. While... View Details
      Keywords: DTC; Pricing Decisions; B2B; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Marketing Strategy; Business Model; Opportunities; Consumer Products Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, Oded Koenigsberg, and Marco Bertini. "Joy4Home Brands: Pricing Matters." Harvard Business School Exercise 523-709, August 2022.
      • August 2022 (Revised February 2023)
      • Case

      NewLab: Scaling an Innovation Engine

      By: Tarun Khanna and George Gonzalez
      Silicon Valley-veteran Shaun Stewart is the CEO of NewLab, a dynamic technology hub headquartered in the storied Brooklyn Navy Yard. Founded in 2016, NewLab fostered a community of entrepreneurs, corporate and government partners, and investors, all seeking to apply... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Social and Collaborative Networks; Global Range; Partners and Partnerships; Networks; Growth and Development Strategy; Opportunities; Brooklyn
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      Khanna, Tarun, and George Gonzalez. "NewLab: Scaling an Innovation Engine." Harvard Business School Case 723-364, August 2022. (Revised February 2023.)
      • August 2022
      • Teaching Plan

      Janet Ames (A), (B), (C), (D)

      By: Brian Trelstad
      Teaching Plan for HBS Case Nos. 320-076, 320-077, 320-078, and 322-051. The series of Janet Ames cases follow a fictional alumna of Harvard Business School into her consulting career in Boston. Over the series of cases, Ames is first offered the opportunity to join... View Details
      Keywords: Philanthropy; Board; Non-profit Management; Career Changes And Transitions; Evaluation; Personal Development and Career; Opportunities; Decision Choices and Conditions; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Governing and Advisory Boards; Social Enterprise; Social Entrepreneurship; Nonprofit Organizations; Management; United States
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      Trelstad, Brian. "Janet Ames (A), (B), (C), (D)." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 323-025, August 2022.
      • June 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      Sustainability Reporting at Dollar Tree, Inc.

      By: Suraj Srinivasan and Li-Kuan Ni
      The cases discusses the ESG strategy of Dollar Tree Inc., a U.S. Fortune 500 company in the deep discount retail industry and the and shareholder pressure faced by the company. In 2022, the company faced a shareholder resolution from a renowned shareholder advocacy... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Sustainability; Shareholder Activism; Dollar Tree; Sustainability Reporting; ESG Reporting; Board Of Directors; Shareholder Engagement; GHG; Environmental Accounting; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Trends; Communication; Announcements; Voting; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Values and Beliefs; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Disclosure; Corporate Governance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Policy; Reports; Business or Company Management; Risk Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Outcome or Result; Strategic Planning; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Situation or Environment; Opportunities; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Public Opinion; Strategy; Adaptation; Alignment; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Value Creation; Retail Industry; United States; Virginia
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      Srinivasan, Suraj, and Li-Kuan Ni. "Sustainability Reporting at Dollar Tree, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 122-044, June 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
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