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      Decision Choices and ConditionsRemove Decision Choices and Conditions →

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      • Article

      Experience Theory, or How Desserts Are Like Losses

      By: Jolie M. Martin, Martin Reimann and Michael I. Norton
      While many experiments have explored risk preferences for money, few have systematically assessed risk preferences for everyday experiences. We propose a conceptual model and provide convergent evidence from seven experiments that, in contrast to a typical “zero”... View Details
      Keywords: Experiences; Monetary Gambles; Risk Preferences; Experience Theory; Risk and Uncertainty; Behavior; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Martin, Jolie M., Martin Reimann, and Michael I. Norton. "Experience Theory, or How Desserts Are Like Losses." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145, no. 11 (November 2016): 1460–1472.
      • October 2016 (Revised March 2019)
      • Case

      Carrum Health: Scaling Bundled Payments

      By: Robert S. Huckman and Sarah Mehta
      Founded in 2014, Carrum Health helped self-insured employers located in three markets (San Diego, California; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, California) save money on their employees’ planned surgeries. It did so by contracting directly with top-quality... View Details
      Keywords: Health Financing; Health Insurance; Value-based Healthcare Reimbursements; Bundled Payments; Innovation; Scale; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Cost Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Industry; California; San Francisco; San Diego; Seattle
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      Huckman, Robert S., and Sarah Mehta. "Carrum Health: Scaling Bundled Payments." Harvard Business School Case 617-017, October 2016. (Revised March 2019.)
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Innovation Adoption and Organizational Identity: Identity Dynamism as a Strategic Resource for Top Management Team Decision Making

      By: Ryan Raffaelli, Mary Ann Glynn and Michael Tushman
      Organizations continuously face decisions about whether to adopt radical innovations. We examine the relationship between innovation adoption and identity, linking identity with firm strategy to explain innovation adoption over time. We conceptualize identity as... View Details
      Keywords: Dynamic Managerial Capabilities; Organizational Identity; Innovation Adoption; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Innovation and Invention; Adoption
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, Mary Ann Glynn, and Michael Tushman. "Innovation Adoption and Organizational Identity: Identity Dynamism as a Strategic Resource for Top Management Team Decision Making." Working Paper, 2016.
      • October 2016
      • Article

      Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance and Resource Allocation in Science

      By: Kevin J. Boudreau, Eva Guinan, Karim R. Lakhani and Christoph Riedl
      Selecting among alternative innovative projects is a core management task in all innovating organizations. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of frontier scientific research projects. We argue that the "intellectual distance" between the knowledge embodied in... View Details
      Keywords: Knowledge; Innovation; Novelty; Evaluation; Resource Allocation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Innovation and Management; Science-Based Business; Experience and Expertise
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      Boudreau, Kevin J., Eva Guinan, Karim R. Lakhani, and Christoph Riedl. "Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance and Resource Allocation in Science." Management Science 62, no. 10 (October 2016).
      • October 2016
      • Article

      Technical Debt and System Architecture: The Impact of Coupling on Defect-related Activity

      By: Alan MacCormack and Daniel J. Sturtevant
      Technical debt is created when design decisions that are expedient in the short-term increase the costs of maintaining and adapting this system in future. An important component of technical debt relates to decisions about system architecture. As systems grow and... View Details
      Keywords: Information Infrastructure; Performance Efficiency; Applications and Software; Infrastructure
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      MacCormack, Alan, and Daniel J. Sturtevant. "Technical Debt and System Architecture: The Impact of Coupling on Defect-related Activity." Journal of Systems and Software 120 (October 2016): 170–182. (Received 31 May 2015. Revised 28 May 2016. Accepted 4 June 2016.)
      • Working Paper

      How Do Venture Capitalists Make Decisions?

      By: Paul A. Gompers, William Gornall, Steven N. Kaplan and Ilya A. Strebulaev
      We survey 885 institutional venture capitalists (VCs) at 681 firms to learn how they make decisions across eight areas: deal sourcing, investment selection, valuation, deal structure, post-investment value-added, exits, internal firm organization, and relationships... View Details
      Keywords: Venture Capital; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Gompers, Paul A., William Gornall, Steven N. Kaplan, and Ilya A. Strebulaev. "How Do Venture Capitalists Make Decisions?" NBER Working Paper Series, No. 22587, September 2016.
      • 2016
      • Book

      Managing in the Gray: Five Timeless Questions for Resolving Your Toughest Problems at Work

      By: Joseph L. Badaracco
      Part of a manager's job is making tough calls, and the hardest challenge can be resolving "gray area” problems—situations in which analysis of the numbers, facts, and data fails to provide a clear answer. Gray areas test not only managers’ skills but also their... View Details
      Keywords: Business or Company Management; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Badaracco, Joseph L. Managing in the Gray: Five Timeless Questions for Resolving Your Toughest Problems at Work. Harvard Business Review Press, 2016.
      • September 2016 (Revised March 2017)
      • Module Note

      Strategy Execution Module 3: Using Information for Performance Measurement and Control

      By: Robert Simons
      This module reading explains how managers use information to control critical business processes and outcomes. The analysis begins by illustrating how managers use information to communicate goals and track performance. Then the focus turns to the choices that managers... View Details
      Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Strategy Execution; Organization Process; Feedback Model; Innovation; Uses Of Information; Big Data; Benchmarking; Decision Making; Information; Performance Evaluation; Analytics and Data Science
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      Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 3: Using Information for Performance Measurement and Control." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-103, September 2016. (Revised March 2017.)
      • August 2016 (Revised August 2016)
      • Teaching Note

      Intrapreneurship at DaVita Healthcare Partners

      By: Joseph B. Fuller and Matthew Preble
      DaVita Healthcare Partners Inc. (DaVita) is one of the U.S.'s leading dialysis providers, a process whereby persons with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are connected to a machine that performs the functions of a healthy kidney. Kent Thiry, DaVita's CEO, has expanded... View Details
      Keywords: Intrapreneurship; Entrepreneurial Organizations; Startup Management; Startup; Strategic Positioning; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Corporate Strategy; Business Startups; Strategic Planning; Competitive Strategy; Health Industry; United States
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      Fuller, Joseph B., and Matthew Preble. "Intrapreneurship at DaVita Healthcare Partners." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 317-020, August 2016. (Revised August 2016.)
      • August 2, 2016
      • Article

      Uncalculating Cooperation Is Used to Signal Trustworthiness

      By: Jillian J. Jordan, Moshe Hoffman, Martin A. Nowak and David G. Rand
      Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Social Evaluation; Experimental Economics; Moral Psychology; Cooperation; Reputation; Decision Making
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      Jordan, Jillian J., Moshe Hoffman, Martin A. Nowak, and David G. Rand. "Uncalculating Cooperation Is Used to Signal Trustworthiness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 31 (August 2, 2016): 8658–8663.
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Experimental Evidence on Policies Aimed at Closing the Gender Gap in Willingness to Guess on Multiple-Choice Tests

      By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman
      Research has shown that women skip more questions than men on multiple-choice tests with penalties for wrong answers. We propose and test five policy changes aimed at eliminating this source of gender bias in test scores. Our data show that simply removing the penalty... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Behavior; Decision Choices and Conditions; Gender
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      Coffman, Katherine Baldiga. "Experimental Evidence on Policies Aimed at Closing the Gender Gap in Willingness to Guess on Multiple-Choice Tests." Working Paper, August 2016.
      • August 2016
      • Article

      The Role of (Dis)similarity in (Mis)predicting Others' Preferences

      By: Kate Barasz, Tami Kim and Leslie K. John
      Consumers readily indicate liking options that appear dissimilar—for example, enjoying both rustic lake vacations and chic city vacations or liking both scholarly documentary films and action-packed thrillers. However, when predicting other consumers’ tastes for the... View Details
      Keywords: Perceived Similarity; Prediction Error; Preference Prediction; Self-other Difference; Social Inference; Cognition and Thinking; Perception; Forecasting and Prediction
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      Barasz, Kate, Tami Kim, and Leslie K. John. "The Role of (Dis)similarity in (Mis)predicting Others' Preferences." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 53, no. 4 (August 2016): 597–607.
      • 2016
      • Article

      Organizational Decision-Making and Information: Angel Investments by Venture Capital Partners

      By: Andy Wu
      We study information aggregation in organizational decision-making for the financing of entrepreneurial ventures. We introduce a formal model of voting where agents face costly tacit information to improve their decision quality. Equilibrium outcomes suggest a... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurial Finance; Angel Investors; Organization Design; Voting; Group Decision-making; Information; Strategy; Organizations; Entrepreneurship; Decision Making; Financing and Loans
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      Wu, Andy. "Organizational Decision-Making and Information: Angel Investments by Venture Capital Partners." Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings (2016): 189–194.
      • 2016
      • Other Teaching and Training Material

      Organizational Behavior Reading: Decision Making

      By: Francesca Gino, Max Bazerman and Katherine Shonk
      This Reading argues that decision making is systematically flawed and introduces methods to improve decision-making effectiveness. The Essential Reading section covers the rational decision-making model and three important ideas that challenge it: Herbert Simon's... View Details
      Keywords: Game Theory; Decision Making
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      Gino, Francesca, Max Bazerman, and Katherine Shonk. "Organizational Behavior Reading: Decision Making." Core Curriculum Readings Series. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Publishing 8383, 2016. Electronic.
      • May 2016
      • Article

      Matching with Slot-Specific Priorities: Theory

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and Tayfun Sönmez
      We introduce a two-sided, many-to-one matching with contracts model in which agents with unit demand match to branches that may have multiple slots available to accept contracts. Each slot has its own linear priority order over contracts; a branch chooses contracts by... View Details
      Keywords: Matching With Contracts; Stability; Strategy-proofness; School Choice; Affirmative Action; Airline Seat Upgrades; Contracts; Market Design; Marketplace Matching; Balance and Stability
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and Tayfun Sönmez. "Matching with Slot-Specific Priorities: Theory." Theoretical Economics 11, no. 2 (May 2016): 683–710.
      • May 2016
      • Article

      When Performance Trumps Gender Bias: Joint Versus Separate Evaluation

      By: Iris Bohnet, Alexandra van Geen and Max Bazerman
      We examine a new intervention to overcome gender biases in hiring, promotion, and job assignments: an "evaluation nudge," in which people are evaluated jointly rather than separately regarding their future performance. Evaluators are more likely to focus on individual... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Selection and Staffing; Decision Choices and Conditions; Performance; Gender
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      Bohnet, Iris, Alexandra van Geen, and Max Bazerman. "When Performance Trumps Gender Bias: Joint Versus Separate Evaluation." Management Science 62, no. 5 (May 2016): 1225–1234.
      • March 2016 (Revised January 2023)
      • Teaching Note

      Carla Ann Harris at Morgan Stanley

      By: Lakshmi Ramarajan
      This case follows Carla Ann Harris, an African-American executive on Wall Street, from her childhood to the eve of her 20th year at Morgan Stanley. In addition to her professional identity as an investment banker, Harris is also an accomplished gospel singer, an... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Identity; Personal Development and Career; Success; Values and Beliefs; Social Entrepreneurship; Financial Services Industry
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      Ramarajan, Lakshmi. "Carla Ann Harris at Morgan Stanley." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 416-040, March 2016. (Revised January 2023.)
      • March 2016 (Revised March 2022)
      • Teaching Note

      Express Scripts: Promoting Prescription Drug Home Delivery (A) and (B)

      By: John Beshears
      The pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) sector processes prescription drug claims on behalf of companies that offer a prescription drug benefit to their employees. The case associated with this teaching note follows Bob Nease, chief scientist at Express Scripts, as he... View Details
      Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Prescription Drugs; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; PBM; Healthcare; Behavioral Economics; Choice Architecture; Active Choice; Service Delivery; Decision Choices and Conditions; Consumer Behavior; Distribution Channels; Health Care and Treatment; Service Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Beshears, John. "Express Scripts: Promoting Prescription Drug Home Delivery (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 916-047, March 2016. (Revised March 2022.)
      • Article

      Representative Democracy and the Implementation of Majority-Preferred Alternatives

      By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman
      In this paper, we contrast direct and representative democracy. In a direct democracy, individuals have the opportunity to vote over the alternatives in every choice problem the population faces. In a representative democracy, the population commits to a candidate ex... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Systems; Voting; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Coffman, Katherine Baldiga. "Representative Democracy and the Implementation of Majority-Preferred Alternatives." Social Choice and Welfare 46, no. 3 (March 2016): 477–494.
      • February 2016
      • Case

      Express Scripts: Promoting Prescription Drug Home Delivery (A)

      By: John Beshears, Patrick Rooney and Jenny Sanford
      The pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) sector processes prescription drug claims on behalf of companies that offer a prescription drug benefit to their employees. This case follows Bob Nease, Chief Scientist at Express Scripts, as he considers methods to promote home... View Details
      Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Prescription Drugs; Pharmacy Benefit Manager; PBM; Healthcare; Behavioral Economics; Choice Architecture; Active Choice; Service Delivery; Decision Choices and Conditions; Health Care and Treatment; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Compensation and Benefits; Pharmaceutical Industry
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      Beshears, John, Patrick Rooney, and Jenny Sanford. "Express Scripts: Promoting Prescription Drug Home Delivery (A)." Harvard Business School Case 916-026, February 2016.
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