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  • May 2004
  • Background Note

56K Modem Battle

By: David B. Yoffie and Deborah Freier
Examines the battle to set the standard for the 56K modem. Set in 1996, this case looks at how computers accessed the Internet via a telephone line, or dial-up connection, and a hardware modem. In 1995, there were 18.6 million total modem unit shipments, with market... View Details
Keywords: Announcements; Revenue; Patents; Product Launch; Network Effects; Standards; Competition; Information Infrastructure; Internet and the Web; Technology Industry; Illinois
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Yoffie, David B., and Deborah Freier. "56K Modem Battle." Harvard Business School Background Note 704-501, May 2004.
  • 15 Aug 2023
  • HBS Case

(Virtual) Reality Check: How Long Before We Live in the 'Metaverse'?

the metaverse. It is like we are trying to talk about the internet, but email hasn't been invented yet.” Meanwhile, Apple recently unveiled a new $3,500 headset called Vision Pro, although the company isn’t referring to its View Details
Keywords: by Jay Fitzgerald; Technology; Technology; Technology
  • December 2023
  • Article

Self-Orienting in Human and Machine Learning

By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum and T. Ullman
A current proposal for a computational notion of self is a representation of one’s body in a specific time and place, which includes the recognition of that representation as the agent. This turns self-representation into a process of self-orientation, a challenging... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Behavior; Learning
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De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and T. Ullman. "Self-Orienting in Human and Machine Learning." Nature Human Behaviour 7, no. 12 (December 2023): 2126–2139.
  • March 2021
  • Case

VideaHealth: Building the AI Factory

By: Karim R. Lakhani and Amy Klopfenstein
Florian Hillen, co-founder and CEO of VideaHealth, a startup that used artificial intelligence (AI) to detect dental conditions on x-rays, spent the early years of his company laying the groundwork for an AI factory. A process for quickly building and iterating on new... View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Information Technology; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Digital Platforms; Entrepreneurship; AI and Machine Learning; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; North and Central America; United States; Massachusetts; Cambridge
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Lakhani, Karim R., and Amy Klopfenstein. "VideaHealth: Building the AI Factory." Harvard Business School Case 621-021, March 2021.
  • 2023
  • Chapter

Marketing Through the Machine’s Eyes: Image Analytics and Interpretability

By: Shunyuan Zhang, Flora Feng and Kannan Srinivasan
he growth of social media and the sharing economy is generating abundant unstructured image and video data. Computer vision techniques can derive rich insights from unstructured data and can inform recommendations for increasing profits and consumer utility—if only the... View Details
Keywords: Transparency; Marketing Research; Algorithmic Bias; AI and Machine Learning; Marketing
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Zhang, Shunyuan, Flora Feng, and Kannan Srinivasan. "Marketing Through the Machine’s Eyes: Image Analytics and Interpretability." Chap. 8 in Artificial Intelligence in Marketing. 20, edited by Naresh K. Malhotra, K. Sudhir, and Olivier Toubia, 217–238. Review of Marketing Research. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023.
  • 16 May 2000
  • Research & Ideas

The Simple Economics of Open Source

outwardly the situation smells of economic anarchy. Where are the market forces, when thousands of talented programmers—and even many commercial firms—spend inordinate amounts of time writing and sharing computer source code: an activity... View Details
Keywords: by Martha Lagace; Technology
  • 2012
  • Teaching Note

UFIDA (F) (TN)

By: F. Warren McFarlan, Donghong Li and Guo Jia
As an extension of UFIDA (A-E), UFIDA (F), using early 2012 as the time node, looks at UFIDA's major steps taken during 2010-2011, accomplishments, and major future opportunities and challenges. The case focuses on the new market development of Cloud Computing and... View Details
Keywords: China; Strategy; China
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McFarlan, F. Warren, Donghong Li, and Guo Jia. "UFIDA (F) (TN)." Tsinghua University Teaching Note, 2012.
  • 11 Mar 2001
  • Research & Ideas

Digital Designs on the Inner City

An increasing number of inner city residents own computers and have online access, but government agencies and private companies need to do more to bridge the digital divide that still exists among income groups, according to business and... View Details
Keywords: by Dina Gerdeman
  • April 2023 (Revised February 2024)
  • Case

AI Wars

By: Andy Wu, Matt Higgins, Miaomiao Zhang and Hang Jiang
In February 2024, the world was looking to Google to see what the search giant and long-time putative technical leader in artificial intelligence (AI) would do to compete in the massively hyped technology of generative AI. Over a year ago, OpenAI released ChatGPT, a... View Details
Keywords: AI; Artificial Intelligence; AI and Machine Learning; Technology Adoption; Competitive Strategy; Technological Innovation
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Wu, Andy, Matt Higgins, Miaomiao Zhang, and Hang Jiang. "AI Wars." Harvard Business School Case 723-434, April 2023. (Revised February 2024.)
  • 16 Oct 2018
  • First Look

New Research and Ideas, October 16, 2018

Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 5 Complementarity By: Baldwin, Carliss Y. Abstract—The purpose of this chapter is to relate the theory of task networks and technology set... View Details
Keywords: Dina Gerdeman
  • November 2017
  • Teaching Note

Tencent

By: John R. Wells and Gabriel Ellsworth
Teaching Note for HBS No. 718-426. Tencent had undergone many transformations since it was founded in 1998 as a simple messaging service. In 2017, it was the largest online games provider in China with a wide range of game types, China’s largest social networking... View Details
Keywords: Tencent; Tencent Holdings; WeChat; Social Networking; Social Networks; Gaming; Gaming Industry; Video Games; Computer Games; Mobile Gaming; Portals; Payments; Mobile Payments; O2O; Online-to-offline; E-commerce; Messaging; Subscription Model; Freemium; Mobile App Industry; Smartphone; PC; Monetization Strategy; Antitrust; Streaming; Cloud Computing; Artificial Intelligence; Big Data; Alibaba; Facebook; JD.com; Tesla; Bundling; Synergies; Digital Strategy; Imitation; Licensing; Agility; Entry Barriers; Online Platforms; Advertising; Digital Marketing; Business Ventures; Acquisition; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Business Growth and Maturation; Business Organization; For-Profit Firms; Joint Ventures; Restructuring; Communication Technology; Blogs; Interactive Communication; Interpersonal Communication; Entertainment; Film Entertainment; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Music Entertainment; Investment; Investment Portfolio; Price; Revenue; Geographic Scope; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Global Strategy; Multinational Firms and Management; Globalized Markets and Industries; Business History; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Product Positioning; Social Marketing; Network Effects; Market Entry and Exit; Digital Platforms; Industry Growth; Monopoly; Media; Distribution Channels; Service Delivery; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Public Ownership; Problems and Challenges; Business and Government Relations; Groups and Teams; Networks; Opportunities; Social and Collaborative Networks; Strategy; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Cooperation; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Expansion; Horizontal Integration; Vertical Integration; Information Technology; Internet and the Web; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Applications and Software; Information Infrastructure; Value Creation; Emerging Markets; Product Development; Segmentation; Business Units; Communication; Profit; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Asia; China; Canton (province, China)
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Wells, John R., and Gabriel Ellsworth. "Tencent." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 718-457, November 2017.
  • January 1996 (Revised April 1996)
  • Case

Digital Imaging in 1995: Opportunities in the Descent to the Desktop

The dramatic shifts of the imaging industry from analog to digital technology is creating emerging markets in 1995. How can a competitor position itself to enter the market successfully? This case describes the key technologies, market segments, competitors, and... View Details
Keywords: Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Products Industry
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Teisberg, Elizabeth O., and James Leonard. "Digital Imaging in 1995: Opportunities in the Descent to the Desktop." Harvard Business School Case 796-060, January 1996. (Revised April 1996.)
  • October 2008 (Revised February 2012)
  • Case

Amazon Web Services

By: Robert S. Huckman, Gary P. Pisano and Liz Kind
Considers the development of Amazon Web Services (AWS), a division of Amazon.com, Inc., specializing in the provision of web-based storage and computing services to web developers. The case focuses on the issues facing Andy Jassy, the head of AWS, in 2008 as AWS faces... View Details
Keywords: Price; Market Entry and Exit; Service Operations; Competition; Diversification; Retail Industry; Web Services Industry
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Huckman, Robert S., Gary P. Pisano, and Liz Kind. "Amazon Web Services." Harvard Business School Case 609-048, October 2008. (Revised February 2012.)
  • October 2024 (Revised April 2025)
  • Case

Nvidia

By: Andy Wu and Matt Higgins
This case study examines Nvidia's strategic pivot from gaming GPUs to becoming a leader in general-purpose computing and AI. It explores how Nvidia leveraged its GPU architecture to dominate the growing fields of data center acceleration and AI training, outpacing... View Details
Keywords: Strategy; Technological Innovation; AI and Machine Learning; Product Development; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Technology Industry; United States; China; Taiwan
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Wu, Andy, and Matt Higgins. "Nvidia." Harvard Business School Case 725-383, October 2024. (Revised April 2025.)
  • August 2008 (Revised December 2009)
  • Case

Nantero

By: William A. Sahlman, Dan Heath and Caroline Perkins
This case describes a decision confronting the founder of Nantero, a company developing a new semiconductor technology. The company needs to raise additional venture capital. Potential investors have competing visions for the company, and its business model. Some... View Details
Keywords: Business Model; Decision Choices and Conditions; Venture Capital; Investment; Product Development; Production; Technology; Semiconductor Industry
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Sahlman, William A., Dan Heath, and Caroline Perkins. "Nantero." Harvard Business School Case 809-031, August 2008. (Revised December 2009.)
  • January 2002 (Revised February 2002)
  • Case

Postgirot Bank and Provment AB: Managing the Cost of IT Operations

By: F. Warren McFarlan and Nancy Bartlett
Describes a specific approach for measuring the efficiency of the groups of computers inside an organization and suggests ways this tool may be used to reduce the company's computing investment while maintaining service. It is a software-enabled industrial engineering... View Details
Keywords: Cost Management; Investment; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Management Style; Information Technology; Applications and Software
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McFarlan, F. Warren, and Nancy Bartlett. "Postgirot Bank and Provment AB: Managing the Cost of IT Operations." Harvard Business School Case 302-061, January 2002. (Revised February 2002.)
  • June 2016 (Revised August 2019)
  • Case

Numenta: Inventing and (or) Commercializing AI

By: David B. Yoffie, Liz Kind and David Ben Shimol
In March 2016, Donna Dubinsky (co-founder and CEO) and Jeff Hawkins (co-founder) were struggling with a key question: Could Numenta be successful in both creating fundamental technology and building a commercial business? Located in Redwood City, CA, Numenta was... View Details
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Machine Intelligence; Machine Learning; Strategy; Business Model; Entrepreneurship; Information; Technological Innovation; Research; Research and Development; Information Technology; Applications and Software; Technology Adoption; Digital Platforms; Commercialization; AI and Machine Learning
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Yoffie, David B., Liz Kind, and David Ben Shimol. "Numenta: Inventing and (or) Commercializing AI." Harvard Business School Case 716-469, June 2016. (Revised August 2019.)
  • October 2023
  • Teaching Note

Metaverse Wars

By: Andy Wu and Matt Higgins
Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 723-431. Metaverse Wars recaps the development of the metaverse concept and the attendant hype, bringing the narrative up to the summer of 2023 when Meta’s big pivot looked more like a costly misstep than a stroke of strategic genius. In... View Details
Keywords: Metaverse; Strategy; Social Media; Internet and the Web; Technology Adoption; Technological Innovation; Technology Industry
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Wu, Andy, and Matt Higgins. "Metaverse Wars." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-400, October 2023.
  • October 2023
  • Supplement

Rheaply: Circularity For Every Business Supplement 2

By: Rembrand Koning and Alicia Dadlani
Pitch deck explaining the later vision of the company that was presented by the CEO to potential investors. View Details
Keywords: Business Startups; Social Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial Finance; Mission and Purpose; Technology Industry; Green Technology Industry; United States; Illinois; Chicago
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Koning, Rembrand, and Alicia Dadlani. "Rheaply: Circularity For Every Business Supplement 2." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 724-385, October 2023.
  • Article

Space, the Final Economic Frontier

By: Matthew C. Weinzierl
After decades of centralized control of economic activity in space, NASA and U.S. policymakers have begun to cede the direction of human activities in space to commercial companies. NASA garnered more than 0.7% of GDP in the mid-1960s but is only around 0.1% of GDP... View Details
Keywords: Emerging Markets; Economics; Private Sector; Aerospace Industry
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Weinzierl, Matthew C. "Space, the Final Economic Frontier." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, no. 2 (Spring 2018): 173–192.
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