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    • All HBS Web  (3,783)
      • Faculty Publications  (868)

      by Michael Toffel Remove by Michael Toffel →

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      • May 2019
      • Supplement

      What Limits the Pace of Innovation at Indigo Agriculture?

      By: Michael W. Toffel
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      Toffel, Michael W. "What Limits the Pace of Innovation at Indigo Agriculture?" Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 619-712, May 2019.
      • May 2019
      • Supplement

      What's Your Approach to Goal Setting?

      By: Michael W. Toffel
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      Toffel, Michael W. "Did You Decide to Proceed by Targeting Three or Six New Products?" Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 619-714, May 2019.
      • 10 May 2019
      • Talk

      Improving Working Conditions in Global Supply Chains

      By: Michael W. Toffel
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      Toffel, Michael W. "Improving Working Conditions in Global Supply Chains." Operations Management Seminar, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, May 10, 2019.
      • May–June 2019
      • Article

      U-Shaped Conformity in Online Social Networks

      By: Monic Sun, Michael Zhang and Feng Zhu
      We explore how people balance their needs to belong and to be different from their friends by studying their choices of a virtual-house wall color on a leading Chinese social-networking site. The setting enables us to randomize both the popular color and the adoption... View Details
      Keywords: Conformity; Normative Social Influence; Social Networks; Field Experiment; Social and Collaborative Networks; Behavior; Attitudes; Social Media
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      Sun, Monic, Michael Zhang, and Feng Zhu. "U-Shaped Conformity in Online Social Networks." Marketing Science 38, no. 3 (May–June 2019): 461–480.
      • Article

      Use of Crowd Innovation to Develop an Artificial Intelligence-Based Solution for Radiation Therapy Targeting

      By: Raymond H. Mak, Michael G. Endres, Jin Hyun Paik, Rinat A. Sergeev, Hugo Aerts, Christopher L. Williams, Karim R. Lakhani and Eva C. Guinan
      Importance: Radiation therapy (RT) is a critical cancer treatment, but the existing radiation oncologist work force does not meet growing global demand. One key physician task in RT planning involves tumor segmentation for targeting, which requires substantial... View Details
      Keywords: Crowdsourcing; AI Algorithms; Health Care and Treatment; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; AI and Machine Learning
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      Mak, Raymond H., Michael G. Endres, Jin Hyun Paik, Rinat A. Sergeev, Hugo Aerts, Christopher L. Williams, Karim R. Lakhani, and Eva C. Guinan. "Use of Crowd Innovation to Develop an Artificial Intelligence-Based Solution for Radiation Therapy Targeting." JAMA Oncology 5, no. 5 (May 2019): 654–661.
      • 2 Apr 2019
      • Talk

      Improving Working Conditions in Global Supply Chains

      By: Michael W. Toffel
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      Toffel, Michael W. "Improving Working Conditions in Global Supply Chains." Duke Fuqua School of Business Strategy Seminar, April 2, 2019.
      • April 2019
      • Article

      Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Ovul Sezer and Michael I. Norton
      Four studies reveal the benefits of relationship rituals: couples with relationship rituals report more positive emotions and greater relationship satisfaction and commitment than those without them. We show that rituals are crucial for understanding consumption... View Details
      Keywords: Rituals; Relationship Satisfaction; Relationships; Satisfaction; Spending; Behavior; Perception; Emotions
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Ovul Sezer, and Michael I. Norton. "Rituals and Nuptials: The Emotional and Relational Consequences of Relationship Rituals." Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 4, no. 2 (April 2019): 185–197.
      • March 2019 (Revised June 2019)
      • Case

      Global Sourcing at Nike

      By: Nien-hê Hsieh, Michael W. Toffel and Olivia Hull
      This case explores the evolution of Nike’s global product sourcing strategy, in particular ongoing efforts to improve working conditions at its suppliers’ factories. When the case opens in July 2018, Vice President of Sourcing Amanda Tucker and her colleagues in Nike’s... View Details
      Keywords: Sourcing; Factory Conditions; Trade; Geography; Geographic Scope; Globalized Firms and Management; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Governance; Governance Compliance; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Labor; Human Capital; Working Conditions; Supply Chain Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Labor and Management Relations; Complexity; Sports Industry; Fashion Industry; Oregon; Portland; Asia; North and Central America
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      Hsieh, Nien-hê, Michael W. Toffel, and Olivia Hull. "Global Sourcing at Nike." Harvard Business School Case 619-008, March 2019. (Revised June 2019.)
      • Article

      Handshaking Promotes Deal-Making by Signaling Cooperative Intent

      By: Juliana Schroeder, Jane L. Risen, Francesca Gino and Michael I. Norton
      We examine how a simple handshake—a gesture that often occurs at the outset of social interactions—can influence deal-making. Because handshakes are social rituals, they are imbued with meaning beyond their physical features. We propose that during mixed-motive... View Details
      Keywords: Handshake; Cooperation; Affiliation; Competition; Negotiation; Nonverbal Communication; Negotiation Participants; Behavior; Communication Intention and Meaning; Negotiation Deal
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      Schroeder, Juliana, Jane L. Risen, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton. "Handshaking Promotes Deal-Making by Signaling Cooperative Intent." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116, no. 5 (May 2019): 743–768.
      • Article

      The Right and Wrong Way to Do ‘CEO Activism’

      By: Aaron K Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
      CEO activism—where leaders take public stands on controversial social and political issues that aren’t related to their company’s bottom line—has become increasingly common. CEO activism has attracted favorable media attention, but has also resulted in backlash and... View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Social Issues; Communication Strategy; Performance Effectiveness
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      Chatterji, Aaron K., and Michael W. Toffel. "The Right and Wrong Way to Do ‘CEO Activism’." Wall Street Journal (February 22, 2019).
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      A Preference for Revision Absent Improvement

      By: Ximena Garcia-Rada, Leslie K. John, Ed O’Brien and Michael I. Norton
      People regularly encounter revised stimuli (e.g., revised versions of products, new editions of books, tweaked recipes, and technological updates). In principle, a world of constant revision should benefit people by affording them the most up-to-date offerings. In... View Details
      Keywords: Product Change; Versioning; Expectancy Effects; Heuristics; Intuitive Processing; Product Marketing; Change; Perception; Consumer Behavior
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      Garcia-Rada, Ximena, Leslie K. John, Ed O’Brien, and Michael I. Norton. "A Preference for Revision Absent Improvement." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-087, February 2019. (Revised April 2025.)
      • Article

      Assessing the Impact of CEO Activism

      By: Aaron K Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
      CEO activism refers to corporate leaders speaking out on social and environmental policy issues not directly related to their company’s core business. Distinct from nonmarket strategy and traditional corporate social responsibility, the recent wave of CEO activism... View Details
      Keywords: Business And Society; Leadership; Policy; Ethics; Values and Beliefs; Governance; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Public Opinion
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      Chatterji, Aaron K., and Michael W. Toffel. "Assessing the Impact of CEO Activism." Organization & Environment 32, no. 2 (June 2019): 159–185. (Profiled in the New York Times, Harvard Business Review, Forbes, Chief Executive magazine, CEO magazine, and by Edelman and Weber Shandwick.)
      • February 2019
      • Article

      Pettiness in Social Exchange

      By: Tami Kim, Ting Zhang and Michael I. Norton
      We identify and document a novel construct—pettiness, or intentional attentiveness to trivial details—and examine its (negative) implications in interpersonal relationships and social exchange. Seven studies show that pettiness manifests across different types of... View Details
      Keywords: Relationships; Personal Characteristics; Perception; Societal Protocols
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      Kim, Tami, Ting Zhang, and Michael I. Norton. "Pettiness in Social Exchange." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 148, no. 2 (February 2019): 361–373.
      • 2019
      • Article

      Fair Algorithms for Learning in Allocation Problems

      By: Hadi Elzayn, Shahin Jabbari, Christopher Jung, Michael J Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zachary Schutzman
      Settings such as lending and policing can be modeled by a centralized agent allocating a scarce resource (e.g. loans or police officers) amongst several groups, in order to maximize some objective (e.g. loans given that are repaid, or criminals that are apprehended).... View Details
      Keywords: Allocation Problems; Algorithms; Fairness; Learning
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      Elzayn, Hadi, Shahin Jabbari, Christopher Jung, Michael J Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zachary Schutzman. "Fair Algorithms for Learning in Allocation Problems." Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (2019): 170–179.
      • January 2019 (Revised July 2019)
      • Case

      New Balance: Managing Orders and Working Conditions

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Eileen McNeely and Matthew Preble
      New Balance Athletics, Inc., a major U.S.-based athletic footwear and apparel brand, sources most of its footwear products from independent suppliers whose factories are located in China, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Monica Gorman, vice president of responsible leadership... View Details
      Keywords: Footwear; Athletic Footwear; Manufacturing; CSR; Sustainability; Quality Management; Supply Chains; Operations; Management; Production; Working Conditions; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Labor and Management Relations; Supply Chain Management; Supply Chain; Order Taking and Fulfillment; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Consumer Products Industry
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      Toffel, Michael W., Eileen McNeely, and Matthew Preble. "New Balance: Managing Orders and Working Conditions." Harvard Business School Case 619-002, January 2019. (Revised July 2019.)
      • 2019
      • Article

      An Empirical Study of Rich Subgroup Fairness for Machine Learning

      By: Michael J Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zhiwei Steven Wu
      Kearns et al. [2018] recently proposed a notion of rich subgroup fairness intended to bridge the gap between statistical and individual notions of fairness. Rich subgroup fairness picks a statistical fairness constraint (say, equalizing false positive rates across... View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; Fairness; AI and Machine Learning
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      Kearns, Michael J., Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "An Empirical Study of Rich Subgroup Fairness for Machine Learning." Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (2019): 100–109.
      • December 2018 (Revised October 2019)
      • Case

      Barteca: The Challenge and Opportunity of Private Equity

      By: Lena G. Goldberg and Michael S. Kaufman
      Andy Pforzheimer and Sasa Mahr-Batuz, co-founders of a highly successful seven-location restaurant brand, had just opened the first location of a new brand. They had mapped out future expansion for both brands but wondered if, rather than lining up an assortment of... View Details
      Keywords: Restaurants; Brands and Branding; Expansion; Private Equity; Strategy; Decision Making
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      Goldberg, Lena G., and Michael S. Kaufman. "Barteca: The Challenge and Opportunity of Private Equity." Harvard Business School Case 319-076, December 2018. (Revised October 2019.)
      • December 2018
      • Supplement

      Indigo Agriculture video supplement

      By: Michael W. Toffel
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      Toffel, Michael W. "Indigo Agriculture video supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 619-704, December 2018.
      • November 2018
      • Supplement

      Indigo Agriculture PowerPoint Supplement

      By: Michael W. Toffel
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      Toffel, Michael W. "Indigo Agriculture PowerPoint Supplement." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 619-034, November 2018.
      • 6 Nov 2018
      • Talk

      CEO Activism

      By: Michael W. Toffel
      Citation
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      Toffel, Michael W. "CEO Activism." Future 500 Corporate Affiliates Network webinar, Future 500, November 6, 2018.
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