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      • February 22, 2023
      • Article

      How to Seed Organic Marketing in a Video-First World

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Leonard A. Schlesinger and Matt Higgins
      Early direct-to-consumer (DTC) companies relied on plentiful capital and low-cost digital marketing to power growth. But as this sector has matured, capital is more constrained, social media is more cluttered, and customer acquisition costs are rising. DTC companies... View Details
      Keywords: Online Business; Ecommerce; E-commerce; E-Commerce Strategy; Omnichannel Retail; Omnichannel Retailing; Influencer Marketing; Consumer; Organic Growth; Video Advertising; Promotion; Celebrities; Online Advertising; Online Channel; Online Communities; Online Community; Go To Market Strategy; Platform; Media; Media Content; Digital; Digital Culture; Digital Influencers; Direct To Consumer Marketing; Direct-to-consumer; Innovation & Entrepreneurship; Innovation; Sales; Digital Platforms; Digital Marketing; Digital Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Internet and the Web; Advertising; Business Model; Growth Management; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Marketing Channels; Marketing Communications; Communication Strategy; Innovation Strategy; Retail Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Fashion Industry; Advertising Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; United States; North America
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Leonard A. Schlesinger, and Matt Higgins. "How to Seed Organic Marketing in a Video-First World." Harvard Business Review (website) (February 22, 2023).
      • February 2023
      • Case

      Roblox: Virtual Commerce in the Metaverse

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In 2022, Roblox had 58.8 million daily active users, including over half of all children and teens under the age of 16 in the United States. Roblox, a free-to-use “co-experience platform”, allowed users to come together in immersive 3D experiences to socialize, work,... View Details
      Keywords: Entertainment; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Market Design; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Business Strategy; Economics; Economy; Economic Systems; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Digital Platforms; Markets; Price; Innovation and Management; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Video Game Industry; Technology Industry; United States; California; North America; South America; Asia; Europe
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Roblox: Virtual Commerce in the Metaverse." Harvard Business School Case 523-028, February 2023.
      • Other Article

      Introduction

      By: Stefano Brusoni, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam and Melissa Schilling
      In 2000, Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark published Design Rules: The Power of Modularity, a book that introduced new ways of understanding and explaining the architecture of complex systems. This Special Issue of Industrial and Corporate Change celebrates... View Details
      Keywords: Complex Systems; Industry Structure; Systems Design; Complexity; Organizational Design; Competitive Strategy; Innovation and Management
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      Brusoni, Stefano, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam, and Melissa Schilling. "Introduction." Special Issue on The Power of Modularity: Twenty Years of Design Rules. Industrial and Corporate Change 32, no. 1 (February 2023): 1–10.
      • 2023
      • Chapter

      Organizational Development

      By: Min Basadur, Tim Basadur and Goran Calic
      Our review of the field of Organizational Development (OD) reveals an extensive range of tools which attempt to help organizations improve performance. We believe that OD should be studied differently: As a continuous process of change-making or innovation. How this... View Details
      Keywords: Change; Cognition and Thinking; Creativity; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Innovation and Management
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      Basadur, Min, Tim Basadur, and Goran Calic. "Organizational Development." Chap. 17 in Handbook of Organizational Creativity: Leadership, Interventions, and Macro Level Issues. Second Edition by Roni Reiter-Palmon and Sam Hunter, 239–255. Academic Press, 2023.
      • January 2023 (Revised April 2023)
      • Case

      Cobalt Robotics: Scaling Workplace Robotics

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport, Nicole Tempest Keller and Kyung Keun Park
      Founded in 2016, Cobalt Robotics, based in Fremont, California, was a Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS) company that built autonomous workplace robots that were designed to replace or supplement human security guards. Outfitted with over 60 sensors, Cobalt robots patrolled... View Details
      Keywords: Information Infrastructure; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Invention; Marketing Strategy; Marketing Channels; Customers; Technology Industry; United States; California
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., Nicole Tempest Keller, and Kyung Keun Park. "Cobalt Robotics: Scaling Workplace Robotics." Harvard Business School Case 823-096, January 2023. (Revised April 2023.)
      • January 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Duolingo: Teaching Languages to the Masses

      By: Youngme Moon
      Teaching Note for HBS Case 323-016. At the time the case is written, Duolingo is the most popular language learning service in the world. The company has more than 40 million monthly active users, and the company’s total annual revenue has reached $250 million a year.... View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Customer Relationship Management; Acquisition; Retention; Innovation and Invention
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      Moon, Youngme. "Duolingo: Teaching Languages to the Masses." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 323-070, January 2023.
      • January 2023 (Revised June 2024)
      • Case

      Elon Musk at Tesla

      By: George Serafeim and Amram Migdal
      This case gives an overview of Elon Musk’s career arc through the lens of the 2003 founding of Tesla and its growth through 2022. Background information is included on Tesla’s unique strategic decisions, its operational and reputational struggles and successes, and the... View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Decision Making; Design; Energy; Renewable Energy; Engineering; Entrepreneurship; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Values and Beliefs; Governance; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Leadership; Leadership Style; Management; Goals and Objectives; Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Society; Social Issues; Strategy; Transportation; Value; Auto Industry; Transportation Industry
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      Serafeim, George, and Amram Migdal. "Elon Musk at Tesla." Harvard Business School Case 123-044, January 2023. (Revised June 2024.)
      • December 2022
      • Case

      To Feed the Planet: Juan Luciano at ADM

      By: Joshua D. Margolis, David E. Bell, Damien McLoughlin, Stacy Straaberg and James Weber
      In December 2022, Juan Luciano, Chairman and CEO of agribusiness and nutrition giant ADM, considered the next phase of the historic company’s future. Beginning in 2011 when he joined as COO and moving into his tenure as CEO in 2015, Luciano led a transformation of ADM... View Details
      Keywords: Agriculture; Leadership; Agribusiness; Acquisition; Business Units; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customer Value and Value Chain; Forecasting and Prediction; Capital; Cash; Cost of Capital; Cost Management; Profit; Food; Global Range; Innovation Strategy; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Growth and Development Strategy; Risk Management; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Strategic Planning; Risk and Uncertainty; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Vertical Integration; Value Creation; Transformation; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Energy Industry; United States; Chicago
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      Margolis, Joshua D., David E. Bell, Damien McLoughlin, Stacy Straaberg, and James Weber. "To Feed the Planet: Juan Luciano at ADM." Harvard Business School Case 423-060, December 2022.
      • December 2022 (Revised August 2023)
      • Case

      Circles.Life at a Crossroads of Growth

      By: Juan Alcácer and Adina Wong
      In June 2022, the founders of Singapore mobile operator Circles.Life had a crucial decision to make. Circles.Life developed a new business model in mobile telecommunications—a digital telco—built around its proprietary operating system. After expanding its brand in... View Details
      Keywords: Business Model; Decisions; Technological Innovation; Applications and Software; Business Strategy; Telecommunications Industry; Singapore
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Adina Wong. "Circles.Life at a Crossroads of Growth." Harvard Business School Case 723-404, December 2022. (Revised August 2023.)
      • December 2022 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Iberdrola: Leading the Energy Revolution

      By: Juan Alcácer and Emer Moloney
      At the end of 2019, Ignacio Galán, the Chairman and CEO of the world's third largest utility, Iberdrola, reflected on his almost 20 years at the company. He managed a portfolio of three very different businesses, each with their own specific opportunities and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Energy Generation; Energy Sources; Non-Renewable Energy; Renewable Energy; Engineering; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Leadership; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Timing; Industry Growth; Mission and Purpose; Strategy; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Utilities Industry; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Spain; United Kingdom; United States; Brazil; Mexico
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Emer Moloney. "Iberdrola: Leading the Energy Revolution." Harvard Business School Case 723-398, December 2022. (Revised May 2023.)
      • December 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Cann: High Hopes for Cannabis Infused Beverages

      By: Ayelet Israeli and Anne V. Wilson
      Founded in 2018 by Jake Bullock and Luke Anderson, Cann sold “social tonics,” or cannabis-infused beverages. By 2022, the company had several notable celebrity investors and talent partners, had sold over 10 million beverages to consumers, was distributing in six... View Details
      Keywords: Stigma; Product Innovation; Product Introduction; Product Differentiation; New Products; New Product Marketing; New Product Management; Brand Management; Branding; Packaging; Positioning; Growth Strategy And Execution; Growth; Cannabis Industry; Purpose; Purpose Brands; LGBTQ; Direct-to-consumer; DTC; Regulations; Channels Of Distribution; Product Development; Product Marketing; Product Positioning; Product; Innovation and Invention; Brands and Branding; Marketing; Marketing Communications; Marketing Channels; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Digital Marketing; Market Entry and Exit; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Consumer Products Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Canada; North America
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      Israeli, Ayelet, and Anne V. Wilson. "Cann: High Hopes for Cannabis Infused Beverages." Harvard Business School Case 523-074, December 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • December 2022
      • Article

      I Don't 'Recall': The Decision to Delay Innovation Launch to Avoid Costly Product Failure

      By: Byungyeon Kim, Oded Koenigsberg and Elie Ofek
      Innovations embody novel features or cutting-edge components aimed at delivering desired customer benefits. Oftentimes, however, we observe the need to recall new products shortly after their introduction. Indeed, a firm may rush an innovation to market in an attempt... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation Management; Innovation And Strategy; Product Development Strategy; Product Introduction; Quality Control; Product Recalls; Game Theory; Market Timing; Innovation Strategy; Product Launch; Product Development
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      Kim, Byungyeon, Oded Koenigsberg, and Elie Ofek. "I Don't 'Recall': The Decision to Delay Innovation Launch to Avoid Costly Product Failure." Management Science 68, no. 12 (December 2022): 8889–8908.
      • Article

      Innovations in Retail Operations: Thirty Years of Lessons from Production and Operations Management

      By: Marshall Fisher and Ananth Raman
      We review papers published in Production and Operations Management (POM) during its thirty-year history that deal with retail operations issues with an empirical approach. The papers span a range of issues, from traditional ones like forecasting and inventory... View Details
      Keywords: RFID; Innovation and Invention; Technology Adoption; Operations; E-commerce; Strategy; Retail Industry
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      Fisher, Marshall, and Ananth Raman. "Innovations in Retail Operations: Thirty Years of Lessons from Production and Operations Management." Special Issue on The 30th Anniversary Issue of Production and Operations Management edited by Subodha Kumar and Christopher S. Tang. Production and Operations Management 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 4452–4461.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States

      By: Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade and Beatriz Pousada
      We characterize the contribution of immigrants to US innovation, both through their direct productivity as well as through their indirect spillover effects on their native collaborators. To do so, we link patent records to a database containing the first five digits of... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Economic Growth; Immigrants; Innovation and Invention; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Patents; Innovation Strategy
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      Bernstein, Shai, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade, and Beatriz Pousada. "The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-065, December 2021. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30797, December 2022.)
      • November 2022 (Revised March 2023)
      • Supplement

      JUUL and the Vaping Revolution: A 2022 Update

      By: Michael W. Toffel and Sarah Mehta
      This slide deck provides a brief update (2019-2022) on the rise and fall of JUUL Labs, the maker of the popular JUUL e-cigarette. View Details
      Keywords: Electronic Cigarettes; E-Cigarettes; Vaping; Nicotine Replacement; JUUL; Juuling; Government Regulation; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Digital Marketing; Customers; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Marketing; Ethics; Brands and Branding; Marketing Communications; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Technology Industry; California
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      Toffel, Michael W., and Sarah Mehta. "JUUL and the Vaping Revolution: A 2022 Update." Harvard Business School PowerPoint Supplement 623-012, November 2022. (Revised March 2023.)
      • November 2022 (Revised March 2023)
      • Supplement

      JUUL and the Vaping Revolution: A 2022 Update

      By: Michael W. Toffel and Sarah Mehta
      This case provides a brief update (2019-2022) on the rise and fall of JUUL Labs, the maker of the popular JUUL e-cigarette. View Details
      Keywords: Electronic Cigarettes; E-Cigarettes; Vaping; Nicotine Replacement; JUUL; Juuling; Government Regulation; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Digital Marketing; Customers; Innovation and Invention; Innovation Strategy; Marketing; Ethics; Brands and Branding; Marketing Communications; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Issues; Technology Industry; California
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      Toffel, Michael W., and Sarah Mehta. "JUUL and the Vaping Revolution: A 2022 Update." Harvard Business School Supplement 623-011, November 2022. (Revised March 2023.)
      • November 2022
      • Case

      Ajax Health: A New Model for Medical Technology Innovation

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      This case teaches key success factors for both startup and established MedTech firms. It examines how to structure a firm to maximize innovation and financial returns with organizational structures that better align the incentives for the different skill sets... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Success; Innovation Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Market Entry and Exit; Financial Strategy; Business Model; Partners and Partnerships; Entrepreneurship; Private Equity; Technology Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Ajax Health: A New Model for Medical Technology Innovation." Harvard Business School Case 323-043, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised April 2025)
      • Teaching Note

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      Teaching note in support of the case "Driving Decarbonization at BMW" (HBS No. 123-008) View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Climate Change; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Germany; Europe; China; United States
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-049, November 2022. (Revised April 2025.)
      • November 2022
      • Case

      The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Tiffany Farrell
      Can an online, direct-to-consumer pharmacy both improve the quality and speed of care for patients who need branded drugs and stabilize profits for pharmaceutical manufacturers? UpScript, after years spent achieving legal and regulatory compliance and simultaneous... View Details
      Keywords: DTC; Internet and the Web; Marketing Channels; Customer Value and Value Chain; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competitive Strategy; Service Delivery; Growth and Development Strategy; Pharmaceutical Industry; Health Industry; Retail Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Tiffany Farrell. "The Battle Among Channels for Marketing Pharmaceuticals: UpScript, Pharmacy Benefit Managers, and Direct-to-Consumer Sales." Harvard Business School Case 323-031, November 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised June 2023)
      • Case

      UGG Steps into the Metaverse

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Sharon Joseph, Sunil Gupta and Julia Kelley
      In the fall of 2022, boot maker UGG and its parent company, Deckers, were working to position the brand in the nascent but fast growing metaverse. The metaverse, the online realm that individual users could navigate as digital avatars, was becoming more commercialized,... View Details
      Keywords: Metaverse; Digital Marketing; Innovation and Invention; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Social Marketing; Internet and the Web; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; Information Technology Industry; United States
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Sharon Joseph, Sunil Gupta, and Julia Kelley. "UGG Steps into the Metaverse." Harvard Business School Case 523-013, November 2022. (Revised June 2023.)
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