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  • 2009
  • Working Paper

Specific Knowledge and Divisional Performance Measurement

By: Michael C. Jensen and William H. Meckling
This paper discusses five common divisional performance measurement methods—cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, investment centers, and expense centers—providing a theory that explains when each of these methods is likely to be the most efficient. The... View Details
Keywords: Business Units; Business Headquarters; Decisions; Cost; Investment; Investment Return; Profit; Revenue; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Managerial Roles; Performance Efficiency; Strategy
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  • Web

Accounting & Management - Faculty & Research

portfolio, accelerate low-carbon products and aggregates, build a tech-driven innovation engine and empower country units while tightening performance accountability. Two years on, TITAN posts record revenues and profitability, green products reach 30% of View Details
  • 2023
  • Article

Post Hoc Explanations of Language Models Can Improve Language Models

By: Satyapriya Krishna, Jiaqi Ma, Dylan Slack, Asma Ghandeharioun, Sameer Singh and Himabindu Lakkaraju
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in performing complex tasks. Moreover, recent research has shown that incorporating human-annotated rationales (e.g., Chain-of-Thought prompting) during in-context learning can significantly enhance... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Performance Effectiveness
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  • 2010
  • Book

A Call for Judgment: Sensible Finance for a Dynamic Economy

By: Amar Bhide
Our prosperity requires the enterprise of innumerable individuals and businesses who exercise their imagination and judgment—and bear responsibility for outcomes. And it is through dialogue and relationships that widespread enterprise is fostered, not merely prices in... View Details
Keywords: Recession; Banking; Banks; Finance; Economics; Macroeconomics; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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  • September–October 2013
  • Article

Learning from Customers: Individual and Organizational Effects in Outsourced Radiological Services

By: Jonathan R. Clark, Robert S. Huckman and Bradley R. Staats
The ongoing fragmentation of work has resulted in a narrowing of tasks into smaller pieces that can be sent outside the organization and, in many instances, around the world. This trend is shifting the boundaries of organizations and leading to increased outsourcing.... View Details
Keywords: Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Medical Specialties; Health Care and Treatment; Customer Focus and Relationships; Learning; Customer Satisfaction; Health Industry
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  • 02 May 2023
  • What Do You Think?

How Should Artificial Intelligence Be Regulated—if at All?

that, “High-risk AI systems should be designed and developed in such a way that natural persons can oversee their functioning.” Regulation raises a complex set of challenges. For example, the set of databases on which AI learns will determine how accurate and unbiased... View Details
Keywords: by James Heskett; Information Technology; Technology
  • January 2022
  • Background Note

Common Prosperity? China Shifts Left

By: William C. Kirby and Noah B. Truwit
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has been mistrustful of entrepreneurs and the private sector that operates outside the government’s authority. In its first decades under Mao Zedong, the CCP... View Details
Keywords: Market Reform; Gdp; Government Administration; Government and Politics; Private Sector; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Economy; Globalized Economies and Regions; Entrepreneurship; Business and Government Relations; Globalized Markets and Industries; Social Issues; Society; Economic Growth; China
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  • Research Summary

Overview

Downstream businesses that utilize global suppliers frequently use auditing programs to monitor their suppliers’ working conditions and are often deployed to address reputational concerns associated with procuring from unregulated suppliers. Despite their widespread... View Details
Keywords: Audit Quality; Remote Work; Outsourcing; Econometric Analysis; Switching Costs; Service Operations; Performance Effectiveness; Retail Industry; Service Industry
  • 2023
  • Article

Probabilistically Robust Recourse: Navigating the Trade-offs between Costs and Robustness in Algorithmic Recourse

By: Martin Pawelczyk, Teresa Datta, Johannes van-den-Heuvel, Gjergji Kasneci and Himabindu Lakkaraju
As machine learning models are increasingly being employed to make consequential decisions in real-world settings, it becomes critical to ensure that individuals who are adversely impacted (e.g., loan denied) by the predictions of these models are provided with a means... View Details
Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Decision Choices and Conditions; Mathematical Methods
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  • Research Summary

Customer-Centricity as a Vehicle for Organic Growth

By: Ranjay Gulati
This body of work examines the mechanics of how firms grow profitably in commoditizing markets. Underlying the "customer-centricity" that many firms embrace today is a factor that will determine their success with this effort: enabling collaboration across... View Details

    Incremental and Radical Innovation: Design Research vs. Technology and Meaning Change

    The need has emerged for a better understanding of design research and design innovation and how they are linked. In our discussion, we consider design as the process of “making sense of things.” Hence, our questions turn more precisely into the following ones: What... View Details

    • Web

    The Women in the Relay Assembly Test Room – The Human Relations Movement – Baker Library | Bloomberg Center, Historical Collections

    Room The Women in the Relay Assembly Test Room I had no idea there would be so much happening and so many people watching us. Theresa Layman Zajac, Relay Assembly Test Room Operator, 1976 Women in the Relay Assembly Test Room, ca. 1930 Comparison of View Details
    • Article

    DEA Model with Shared Resources and Efficiency Decomposition

    By: Yao Chen, Juan Du, H. David Sherman and Joe Zhu
    Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has proved to be an excellent approach for measuring performance of decision making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to generate multiple outputs. In many real world scenarios, DMUs have a two-stage network process with shared input... View Details
    Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); Efficiency; Intermediate Measure; Performance Efficiency
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    • Web

    Behavioral Finance & Financial Stability

    fluctuations. The authors introduce a novel measure of risk perceptions: the price of volatile stocks. They show that high perceived risk is associated with low risk-free interest rates, a high cost of capital for risky firms, and future declines in View Details
    • 2022
    • Working Paper

    The Disagreement Problem in Explainable Machine Learning: A Practitioner's Perspective

    By: Satyapriya Krishna, Tessa Han, Alex Gu, Javin Pombra, Shahin Jabbari, Steven Wu and Himabindu Lakkaraju
    As various post hoc explanation methods are increasingly being leveraged to explain complex models in high-stakes settings, it becomes critical to develop a deeper understanding of if and when the explanations output by these methods disagree with each other, and how... View Details
    Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods
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    • 2012
    • Report

    Sweden's Position in the Global Economy

    By: Christian H.M. Ketels
    In the spring of 2012, the Swedish economy is, as many of its peers, facing a difficult and uncertain economic environment. While these challenges are real, the Swedish economy looks much better prepared to deal with them than many of its peers. Following its own... View Details
    Keywords: Economy; Financial Crisis; Government and Politics; Policy; Globalization; Competitive Advantage; Sweden
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    • Web

    Ways to Give Today - Alumni

    a nonprofit association that supports the European research, case writing, and course development activities of Harvard Business School faculty. It makes available to the public at large in France and in Europe the intellectual output it... View Details
    • January 2023 (Revised April 2024)
    • Case

    First to Fight? Culture, Tradition, and the United States Marine Corps (USMC)

    By: Ranjay Gulati, Akhil Iyer and Joel Malkin
    Over a history of more than 240 years, the United States Marine Corps has forged a distinct culture and institutional identity centered on its “warrior ethos.” In the wars of American history, Marines fought with uncommon valor, rising to international prominence for... View Details
    Keywords: Change Management; Transformation; Talent and Talent Management; Government Administration; Management Practices and Processes; Management Systems; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Performance Effectiveness; United States
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    • Web

    Generative AI - Alumni

    hiring manager. Read more Of course, ChatGPT won’t replace the cover letter and resume writing process entirely. You should still spend time editing the text outputs for accuracy and to make sure your voice is present. Think of GPT as a... View Details
    • 16 Jan 2013
    • Research & Ideas

    The Messy Link Between Slave Owners and Modern Management

    determine how far they could push their workers to get the most profit. Using the account books, slave owners could see how many pounds of cotton each slave picked and compare it to their output from previous years—and then create minimum... View Details
    Keywords: by Katie Johnston