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    • All HBS Web  (1,865)
      • Faculty Publications  (414)

      Relative Performance IncentiveRemove Relative Performance Incentive →

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      • May 2015 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      Generating Higher Value at IBM (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and E. Scott Mayfield
      This case analyzes IBM's financial performance and its capital allocation decisions over a 10-year period from 2004-2013, during which IBM returned more than $140B to shareholders through a combination of dividends and share repurchases. During this time, CEO Sam... View Details
      Keywords: Dividends; Share Repurchases; Earnings Guidance; Financial Statement Analysis; Financial Ratios; Payout Policy; Earnings Per Share (EPS); Earnings Management; Change Management; Leadership; Transformation; Financial Strategy
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and E. Scott Mayfield. "Generating Higher Value at IBM (A)." Harvard Business School Case 215-058, May 2015. (Revised September 2017.)
      • Article

      Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?

      By: Robert Gibbons and Robert S. Kaplan
      Agency theorists, historically, have analyzed what kinds of performance measures should be used in formal incentive contracts. For example, after Kaplan-Norton proposed a balanced scorecard of both financial and non-financial measures, some envisioned its role only in... View Details
      Keywords: Relational Contracts; Performance Measurement; Informal Management; Balanced Scorecard; Economics; Mathematical Methods
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      Gibbons, Robert, and Robert S. Kaplan. "Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?" American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 105, no. 5 (May 2015).
      • Article

      Team Scaffolds: How Mesolevel Structures Enable Role-based Coordination in Temporary Groups

      By: M. Valentine and A. C. Edmondson
      This paper shows how meso-level structures support effective coordination in temporary groups. Prior research on coordination in temporary groups describes how roles encode individual responsibilities so that coordination between relative strangers is possible. We... View Details
      Keywords: Fluid Personnel; Team Scaffolds; Team Effectiveness; Role-based Coordination; Multi-method; Service Delivery; Organizational Structure; Groups and Teams; Performance Efficiency
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      Valentine, M., and A. C. Edmondson. "Team Scaffolds: How Mesolevel Structures Enable Role-based Coordination in Temporary Groups." Organization Science 26, no. 2 (March–April 2015): 405–422.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Incentives versus Reciprocity: Insights from a Field Experiment

      By: Doug J. Chung and Das Narayandas
      We conduct a field experiment in which we vary the sales force compensation scheme at an Asian enterprise that sells consumer durable goods. With variation generated by the experimental treatments, we model sales force performance to identify the effectiveness of... View Details
      Keywords: Sales Force Compensation; Field Experiment; Heterogeneity; Loss Aversion; Reciprocity; Motivation and Incentives; Salesforce Management; Compensation and Benefits
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      Chung, Doug J., and Das Narayandas. "Incentives versus Reciprocity: Insights from a Field Experiment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-084, April 2015. (Revised November 2015.)
      • Article

      De Gustibus non est Taxandum: Heterogeneity in Preferences and Optimal Redistribution

      By: Benjamin B Lockwood and Matthew Weinzierl
      The prominent but unproven intuition that preference heterogeneity reduces redistribution in a standard optimal tax model is shown to hold under the plausible condition that the distribution of preferences for consumption relative to leisure rises, in terms of... View Details
      Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Income; Decision Choices and Conditions; Consumer Behavior; Taxation; Microeconomics; Macroeconomics
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      Lockwood, Benjamin B., and Matthew Weinzierl. "De Gustibus non est Taxandum: Heterogeneity in Preferences and Optimal Redistribution." Journal of Public Economics 124 (April 2015): 74–80. (Also NBER Working Paper Series, No. 17784, September 2014 and Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12-063, January 2012.)
      • April 2015
      • Article

      Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers

      By: Shawn Cole, Martin Kanz and Leora Klapper
      This paper uses a series of experiments with commercial bank loan officers to test the effect of performance incentives on risk assessment and lending decisions. We first show that while high-powered incentives lead to greater screening effort and more profitable... View Details
      Keywords: Banking; Management Processes; Credit Products; Experimental Economics; Risk Management; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Financing and Loans; Banking Industry
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      Cole, Shawn, Martin Kanz, and Leora Klapper. "Incentivizing Calculated Risk-Taking: Evidence from an Experiment with Commercial Bank Loan Officers." Journal of Finance 70, no. 2 (April 2015): 537–575.
      • Article

      The Disintermediation of Financial Markets: Direct Investing in Private Equity

      By: Lily Fang, Victoria Ivashina and Josh Lerner
      We examine twenty years of direct private equity investments by seven large institutions. These direct investments perform better than public market indices, especially buyout investments and those made in the 1990s. Outperformance by the direct investments, however,... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Intermediation; Direct Investment; Co-investment; Private Equity; Entrepreneurship; Financial Markets
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      Fang, Lily, Victoria Ivashina, and Josh Lerner. "The Disintermediation of Financial Markets: Direct Investing in Private Equity." Journal of Financial Economics 116, no. 1 (April 2015): 160–178.
      • 2015
      • Case

      Fine Harvest Restaurant Group (cases A and B)

      By: Clara (Xiaoling) Chen, Kenneth A. Merchant, Tatiana Sandino and Wim A. Van der Stede
      The Fine Harvest Restaurant Group cases A and B examine a company's design of a new system to evaluate the performance (and determine the bonuses) for its restaurant managers. Fine Harvest had traditionally evaluated restaurant managers based on store margins and had... View Details
      Keywords: Incentive Systems; Relative Performance Evaluation; Restaurant Industry; Accounting; Economics; Human Resources; Measurement and Metrics; Labor; Performance; Salesforce Management; Retail Industry; North and Central America
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      Chen, Clara (Xiaoling), Kenneth A. Merchant, Tatiana Sandino, and Wim A. Van der Stede. "Fine Harvest Restaurant Group (cases A and B)." University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business Case, 2015.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Client Service, Compensation, and the Sell-Side Analyst Objective Function: An Empirical Analysis of Relational Incentives in the Investment-Research Industry

      By: David A. Maber, Boris Groysberg and Paul M. Healy
      This paper investigates how sell-side analysts build and sustain their client networks; the economic gains to successfully managing this challenge; and the metrics through which these incentives are delivered. In a typical semiannual period, the average analyst... View Details
      Keywords: Networks; Measurement and Metrics; Operations; Customer Focus and Relationships; Jobs and Positions
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      Maber, David A., Boris Groysberg, and Paul M. Healy. "Client Service, Compensation, and the Sell-Side Analyst Objective Function: An Empirical Analysis of Relational Incentives in the Investment-Research Industry." Working Paper, 2015.
      • December 2014
      • Article

      Clusters, Convergence, and Economic Performance

      By: Mercedes Delgado, Michael E. Porter and Scott Stern
      This paper evaluates the role of regional cluster composition in regional industry performance. On the one hand, diminishing returns to specialization in a location can result in a convergence effect: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be declining in... View Details
      Keywords: Clusters; Economics; Industry Clusters; Economy; Growth and Development; United States
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      Delgado, Mercedes, Michael E. Porter, and Scott Stern. "Clusters, Convergence, and Economic Performance." Research Policy 43, no. 10 (December 2014): 1785–1799.
      • December 2014
      • Article

      Market Competition, Earnings Management, and Persistence in Accounting Profitability Around the World

      By: Paul M. Healy, George Serafeim, Suraj Srinivasan and Gwen Yu
      We examine how cross-country differences in product, capital, and labor market competition, and earnings management affect mean reversion in accounting return on assets. Using a sample of 48,465 unique firms from 49 countries, we find that accounting returns mean... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Performance; Valuation; Equity Valuation; Persistence; Competitive Advantage; Institutions; Earnings Management; Labor Market; Capital Markets; Competition; Profit; Performance; Supply and Industry; Financial Statements; Government and Politics; Globalized Markets and Industries
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      Healy, Paul M., George Serafeim, Suraj Srinivasan, and Gwen Yu. "Market Competition, Earnings Management, and Persistence in Accounting Profitability Around the World." Review of Accounting Studies 19, no. 4 (December 2014): 1281–1308.
      • December 2014
      • Article

      Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity

      By: Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner and Javier Miranda
      Private equity critics claim that leveraged buyouts bring huge job losses. To investigate this claim, we construct and analyze a new dataset that covers U.S. private equity transactions from 1980 to 2005. We track 3,200 target firms and their 150,000 establishments... View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts; Performance Productivity; Jobs and Positions; United States
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      Davis, Steven J., John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner, and Javier Miranda. "Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity." American Economic Review 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 3956–3990. (Earlier versions distributed as National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 17399 and Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 12-033.) (Originally called "Private Equity and Employment.")
      • December 2014
      • Other Article

      Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity—Online Appendix

      By: Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner and Javier Miranda
      Private equity critics claim that leveraged buyouts bring huge job losses. To investigate this claim, we construct and analyze a new dataset that covers U.S. private equity transactions from 1980 to 2005. We track 3,200 target firms and their 150,000 establishments... View Details
      Keywords: Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Private Equity; Performance Productivity
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      Davis, Steven J., John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ron Jarmin, Josh Lerner, and Javier Miranda. "Private Equity, Jobs, and Productivity—Online Appendix." American Economic Review 104, no. 12 (December 2014).
      • November 2014
      • Article

      The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Performance

      By: Robert G. Eccles, Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim
      We investigate the effect of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Using a matched sample of 180 U.S. companies, we find that corporations that voluntarily adopted sustainability policies by 1993—termed as High Sustainability... View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Sustainability Research; Sustainability Reporting; Sustainability Targets; Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporate Accountability; Reporting; Corporate Governance; Investor Clientele; Investor Communication; Stock Market; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Performance; United States
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      Eccles, Robert G., Ioannis Ioannou, and George Serafeim. "The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Performance." Management Science 60, no. 11 (November 2014): 2835–2857.
      • October 2014
      • Article

      Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin, Alan MacCormack and John Rusnak
      In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for characterizing the architecture of complex technical systems and demonstrate its application to a large sample of software releases. Our methodology is based upon directed network graphs, which allows us to... View Details
      Keywords: Architecture; Modularity; Dominant Designs; Complexity; Product Design; Software
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., Alan MacCormack, and John Rusnak. "Hidden Structure: Using Network Methods to Map System Architecture." Research Policy 43, no. 8 (October 2014): 1381–1397.
      • July 2014
      • Case

      Paramount Equipment, Inc.

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin and Wei Wang
      Paramount Equipment, Inc., based in Fort Wayne, Indiana, is a large manufacturer of cranes and compact construction equipment, aerial work platforms, and food service equipment. Founded in 1987, Paramount now had manufacturing operations in 24 countries. However, it... View Details
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Wei Wang. "Paramount Equipment, Inc." Harvard Business School Brief Case 914-557, July 2014.
      • 2014
      • Teaching Note

      Fine Harvest Restaurant Group

      By: Clara X. Chen, Kenneth A. Merchant, Tatiana Sandino and Wim Van der Stede
      The Fine Harvest Restaurant Group cases A and B examine a company's design of a new system to evaluate the performance (and determine the bonuses) for its restaurant managers. Fine Harvest had traditionally evaluated restaurant managers based on store margins and had... View Details
      Keywords: Incentive Systems; Relative Performance Evaluation; Restaurant Industry; Accounting; Economics; Human Resources; Measurement and Metrics; Labor; Performance; Salesforce Management; Retail Industry; North and Central America
      Citation
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      Chen, Clara X., Kenneth A. Merchant, Tatiana Sandino, and Wim Van der Stede. "Fine Harvest Restaurant Group." University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business Teaching Note, 2014.
      • 2014
      • Working Paper

      The Role of the Corporation in Society: An Alternative View and Opportunities for Future Research

      By: George Serafeim
      A long-standing ideology in business education has been that a corporation is run for the sole interest of its shareholders. I present an alternative view where increasing concentration of economic activity and power in the world's largest corporations, the Global... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporate Governance; Environment; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Sustainability; Sustainability Reporting; Sustainability Research; Sustainability Targets; Corporate Performance; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Serafeim, George. "The Role of the Corporation in Society: An Alternative View and Opportunities for Future Research." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 14-110, May 2014.
      • December 2013 (Revised September 2017)
      • Case

      Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance

      By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
      The widespread cheating scandal that rocked the Atlanta public school system in 2010 and 2011 illustrates how high-stakes performance pressure, without sufficient risk controls, can drive dangerous behavior. After becoming superintendent of the low-income and... View Details
      Keywords: Atlanta; Test; Testing; Standardized Test; Standardized Testing; No Child Left Behind; NCLB; Cheating; Performance Pressure; Measurement; Incentives; Atlanta Public Schools; Management; Leadership; Ethics; Performance; Performance Evaluation; Performance Expectations; Risk Management; Education; Education Industry; United States; Georgia (state, US); Atlanta
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      Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Case 114-001, December 2013. (Revised September 2017.)
      • Winter 2013
      • Article

      Corporate Governance Reform and Executive Incentives: Implications for Investments and Risk-Taking

      By: Daniel Cohen, Aiyesha Dey and Thomas Lys
      We investigate the mechanism through which the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was associated with changes in corporate investment strategies. We document that the passage of the governance regulations in SOX was followed by a significant decline in pay‐performance... View Details
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      Cohen, Daniel, Aiyesha Dey, and Thomas Lys. "Corporate Governance Reform and Executive Incentives: Implications for Investments and Risk-Taking." Contemporary Accounting Research 30, no. 4 (Winter 2013): 1296–1332.
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