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  • All HBS Web  (3,668)
    • People  (6)
    • News  (554)
    • Research  (2,644)
    • Events  (11)
    • Multimedia  (26)
  • Faculty Publications  (2,057)
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  • April 2025
  • Teaching Note

Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)

By: Michael W. Toffel, Ken Pucker and Stacy Straaberg
Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 622-024, 625-004, 625-005, and 625-702. The Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) case introduces Allbirds as a footwear startup not only focused on simple design, comfort, and sustainable natural materials but on decarbonizing the wider... View Details
Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Impact; Environmental Strategy; Innovation; Product Design; Supply Chain Management; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Product Development; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Business Startups; Initial Public Offering; Knowledge Sharing; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Fashion Industry; United States; California
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Toffel, Michael W., Ken Pucker, and Stacy Straaberg. "Allbirds: Decarbonizing Fashion (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 625-006, April 2025.
  • Forthcoming
  • Article

Sending a Message: An Empirical Assessment of Responses to Punitive and Non-punitive Compliance Messaging Strategies

By: Jodi L. Short, Michael W. Toffel, Elizabeth A. Keenan and Melissa Ouellet
Regulators operate in an increasingly hostile political environment. The U.S. Supreme Court is ramping up efforts to curtail the authority of administrative agencies. The second election of Donald Trump to the presidency has unleashed a torrent of anti-regulatory... View Details
Keywords: Field Experiment; Compliance; Compliance Programs; Compliance Policies; Regulatory Enforcement; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Policy; Government Experimentation; Governance Compliance; Government Administration; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Business and Government Relations; Construction Industry; Public Administration Industry; California; United States
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Short, Jodi L., Michael W. Toffel, Elizabeth A. Keenan, and Melissa Ouellet. "Sending a Message: An Empirical Assessment of Responses to Punitive and Non-punitive Compliance Messaging Strategies." Ecology Law Quarterly (forthcoming).
  • November 2014
  • Article

Government Green Procurement Spillovers: Evidence from Municipal Building Policies in California

By: Timothy Simcoe and Michael W. Toffel
We study how government green procurement policies influence private-sector demand for similar products. Specifically, we measure the impact of municipal policies requiring governments to construct green buildings on private-sector adoption of the U.S. Green Building... View Details
Keywords: Public Procurement; Green Building; Quality Certification; Environmental Policy; Buildings and Facilities; Environmental Sustainability; Policy; Government and Politics; Green Technology Industry; Public Administration Industry; California
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Simcoe, Timothy, and Michael W. Toffel. "Government Green Procurement Spillovers: Evidence from Municipal Building Policies in California." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 68, no. 3 (November 2014): 411–434. (Lead article.)
  • 1996
  • Chapter

Zum Konflikt zwischen intrinsischer Motivation und umweltpolitischer Instrumentenwahl [The Conflict Between Intrinsic Motivation and the Choice of Environmental Policy Instruments]

By: Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Bruno S. Frey
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Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Bruno S. Frey. "Zum Konflikt zwischen intrinsischer Motivation und umweltpolitischer Instrumentenwahl [The Conflict Between Intrinsic Motivation and the Choice of Environmental Policy Instruments]." In Elemente einer rationalen Umweltpolitik: Expertisen zur umweltpolitischen Neuorientierung, edited by Horst Siebert, 207–238. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 1996, German ed.
  • 2000
  • Working Paper

Cognitive and Institutional Barriers to New Forms of Cooperation on Environmental Protection: Insights from Project XL and Habitat Conservation Plans

By: Andrew J. Hoffman, Hannah C. Riley, Jack G. Troast Jr. and Max Bazerman
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Hoffman, Andrew J., Hannah C. Riley, Jack G. Troast Jr., and Max Bazerman. "Cognitive and Institutional Barriers to New Forms of Cooperation on Environmental Protection: Insights from Project XL and Habitat Conservation Plans." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 01-039, December 2000.
  • May 2023
  • Case

CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping

By: Willy C. Shih and Emilie Billaud
Marine transport is the most cost-effective way to move large volumes over long distances, and container shipping is the backbone of international trade in goods. Yet shipping contributed 3% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and the deep-sea segment, which... View Details
Keywords: Container Shipping; Logistic Regression; Trade Links; Decarbonization; Environmental Strategies; Environmental Impact; Globalization; Trade; Environmental Regulation; Logistics; Supply Chain; Governance Compliance; Shipping Industry; European Union; Asia; North America
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Shih, Willy C., and Emilie Billaud. "CMA CGM: Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Container Shipping." Harvard Business School Case 623-006, May 2023.
  • Teaching Interest

Overview

Erin has served as a teaching assistant in seven different courses at Harvard University since 2008. She has taught courses at both the undergraduate level and the graduate level. She most recently was a teaching assistant for HPM 539: Organizational Behavior, taught... View Details
Keywords: Behavioral Science; Policy-making; Environmental Policy; Politics
  • February 2016 (Revised October 2017)
  • Case

Nuclear Energy: An Answer to Climate Change?

By: Michael W. Toffel, Glen W. S. Dowell and James Weber
Environmental activist groups have traditionally opposed nuclear energy. However, the growing environmental problems associated with global climate change require major changes to reduce the carbon intensity of electricity generation. Should environmental groups... View Details
Keywords: Nuclear Energy; Nuclear Power; Climate Change; Safety; Activism; Nonprofit; Environment; Environmental Protection; Social Movements; Energy; Energy Generation; Environmental Sustainability; Non-Governmental Organizations; Non-Renewable Energy; Energy Industry; United States
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Toffel, Michael W., Glen W. S. Dowell, and James Weber. "Nuclear Energy: An Answer to Climate Change?" Harvard Business School Case 616-052, February 2016. (Revised October 2017.)
  • January 23, 2017
  • Article

Trump Has a Great Opportunity to Save Our Environment

By: Vanessa Burbano, Magali Delmas, Marian Chertow, Glen W. S. Dowell, Rodolphe Durand, Andrew J. Hoffman, Guy Holburn, Andrew A. King, Michael Lenox, Lin Lerpold, Thomas Lyon, John W. Maxwell, Eric Orts, N. Craig Smith, John Sterman, Michael W. Toffel, L. Beril Toktay, David Vogel, Judith Walls, Frank Wijen, Jeff York and Maurizio Zollo
Keywords: Environment; Regulation; Regulator Leniency; Regulatory Enforcement; Environmental Policy; Environmental Regulations; United States
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Burbano, Vanessa, Magali Delmas, Marian Chertow, Glen W. S. Dowell, Rodolphe Durand, Andrew J. Hoffman, Guy Holburn, Andrew A. King, Michael Lenox, Lin Lerpold, Thomas Lyon, John W. Maxwell, Eric Orts, N. Craig Smith, John Sterman, Michael W. Toffel, L. Beril Toktay, David Vogel, Judith Walls, Frank Wijen, Jeff York, and Maurizio Zollo. "Trump Has a Great Opportunity to Save Our Environment." The Hill (January 23, 2017).
  • Article

Managing Climate Change: Lessons from the U.S. Navy

By: Forest Reinhardt and Michael W. Toffel
The U.S. Navy operates on the front lines of climate change. It manages tens of billions of dollars in assets on every continent and on every ocean, which take many years to design and build and then have decades of useful life. This means that it needs to understand... View Details
Keywords: Climate Change; Environment; Military; Disaster Relief; Refugees; Environmental Impact; Environmental Strategy; Sustainability; Energy; Energy Conservation; Energy Sources; Energy Generation; Globalization; Innovation and Invention; Leadership; Strategic Planning; Problems and Challenges; Risk and Uncertainty; Supply Chain; Operations; Logistics; Infrastructure; Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Service Industry
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Reinhardt, Forest, and Michael W. Toffel. "Managing Climate Change: Lessons from the U.S. Navy." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 4 (July–August 2017): 102–111.
  • 2015
  • Case

Advanced Leadership Pathways: Howard Fischer, Eric Jacobsen, and Gratitude Railroad's Impact Investing

By: Rosabeth M. Kanter and Daniel Lennox-Choate
In 2013, Howard Fischer (hedge fund founder) and Eric Jacobsen (serial entrepreneur and private equity investor) established Gratitude Railroad as a community of impact investors in nine different "tracks." Each track represented a different concept for using... View Details
Keywords: Impact Investing; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Social Change; Sustainable Business And Innovation; Investment; Social Issues; Environmental Sustainability; Venture Capital; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Leadership; United States
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Kanter, Rosabeth M., and Daniel Lennox-Choate. "Advanced Leadership Pathways: Howard Fischer, Eric Jacobsen, and Gratitude Railroad's Impact Investing." Harvard Business Publishing Case 316-047, 2015.
  • October 2012 (Revised February 2014)
  • Case

Keystone XL Pipeline

By: Richard H. K. Vietor
On January 18, 2012, President Obama rejected TransCanada's application for a "national interest" determination to approve construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline. Keystone XL was a 1,700 mile long, 36-inch diameter pipeline to transport 1.1 million barrels a day of... View Details
Keywords: Energy; Petroleum; Environmentalism; United States; Oil Prices; National Security; Environmental Sustainability; Energy Sources; Energy Industry; Canada; United States
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Vietor, Richard H. K. "Keystone XL Pipeline." Harvard Business School Case 713-039, October 2012. (Revised February 2014.)
  • September 2022
  • Case

Deciding When to Engage on Societal Issues

By: Hubert Joly and Amram Migdal
This case provides brief descriptions of 18 examples of corporate leaders confronting questions of whether and how to engage with societal issues, including social, political, and environmental issues. Social issues include COVID-19; social and racial justice;... View Details
Keywords: Political Issues; Social Justice; Racial Justice; Environmental Issues; Social Issues; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Values and Beliefs
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Joly, Hubert, and Amram Migdal. "Deciding When to Engage on Societal Issues." Harvard Business School Case 523-045, September 2022.
  • January 2016
  • Teaching Note

Groom Energy Solutions: Selling Efficiency

By: Michael W. Toffel, Kira Fabrizio and Stephanie van Sice
This case examines a start-up service provider that helps clients improve the energy efficiency of their factories, warehouses, and commercial and office spaces by integrating and installing lighting, heating, and cooling technologies. The company seeks to double... View Details
Keywords: Energy Efficiency; Energy Efficiency Paradox; Environment; Environmental Strategy; Growth; Energy; Energy Conservation; Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Energy Industry
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Toffel, Michael W., Kira Fabrizio, and Stephanie van Sice. "Groom Energy Solutions: Selling Efficiency." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 616-023, January 2016.
  • October 6, 2017
  • Article

How Deep Personal Crises Turned a President, an Escaped Slave, a Polar Explorer, an Environmental Crusader, and a Nazi Resister into Iconic Leaders

By: Nancy F. Koehn
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Koehn, Nancy F. "How Deep Personal Crises Turned a President, an Escaped Slave, a Polar Explorer, an Environmental Crusader, and a Nazi Resister into Iconic Leaders." LinkedIn Pulse (October 6, 2017).
  • August 2012 (Revised September 2013)
  • Case

EnerNOC: DemandSMART

By: Michael W. Toffel, Kira Fabrizio and Stephanie van Sice
EnerNOC is an energy company with an innovative business model: it serves as an intermediary between electric utilities and electricity users. It contracts with electricity users willing to reduce demand during periods of peak energy demand, and sells this as excess... View Details
Keywords: Production Planning; Productivity; Environmental Protection; Energy; Environment; Business Government Relations; Laws And Regulation; Business Model; Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Opportunities; Risk and Uncertainty; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Supply Chain Management; Production; Energy Conservation; Energy Industry
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Toffel, Michael W., Kira Fabrizio, and Stephanie van Sice. "EnerNOC: DemandSMART." Harvard Business School Case 613-036, August 2012. (Revised September 2013.)
  • October 2003
  • Case

Financing Biodiversity Conservation by the Global Conservation Fund

By: Mihir A. Desai and Julia Stevens
The Global Conservation Fund is an international nonprofit organization with a $100 million endowment and an exclusive focus on land preservation. The fund and its director must decide which projects to fund over the next year and what financing mechanism to use.... View Details
Keywords: Environmental Protection; Project Evaluation; Environmental Sustainability; Projects; Finance; Decision Making; Financial Instruments; Nonprofit Organizations
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Desai, Mihir A., and Julia Stevens. "Financing Biodiversity Conservation by the Global Conservation Fund." Harvard Business School Case 204-019, October 2003.
  • May–June 2013
  • Article

Can Global Brands Create Just Supply Chains? Response: Promoting Political Mobilization

By: Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Codes of conduct indicate that working conditions are improving overall at the factories being monitored by multinational corporations, and that these codes of conduct also create possibilities for political mobilization that can improve labor conditions more broadly. View Details
Keywords: Regulation; Auditing; Labor Relations; Occupational Safety; Environmental Operations; Environmental Regulation; Employees; Labor; Labor and Management Relations; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Manufacturing Industry; China; Bangladesh; India; Honduras; Nicaragua; Pakistan; Guatemala; Malaysia; Viet Nam
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Short, Jodi L., and Michael W. Toffel. "Can Global Brands Create Just Supply Chains? Response: Promoting Political Mobilization." Boston Review 38, no. 3 (May–June 2013).
  • November 2014 (Revised March 2015)
  • Case

Disrupting the Meat Industry: Tissue Culture Beef

By: Jose B. Alvarez and Matthew G. Preble
Dr. Mark Post and his team at Maastricht University were perfecting their tissue culture beef product—made entirely from muscle grown in his lab—to give it the same taste, texture and appearance of a traditional beef hamburger. A previous iteration of this product had... View Details
Keywords: Innovation; Beef Production; Environmental Impacts Of Food Production; Agribusiness; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation and Invention; Environmental Sustainability; Food; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Netherlands; United States; United Kingdom
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Alvarez, Jose B., and Matthew G. Preble. "Disrupting the Meat Industry: Tissue Culture Beef." Harvard Business School Case 515-001, November 2014. (Revised March 2015.)
  • January 2014
  • Supplement

Patagonia (B)

By: Forest Reinhardt, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Lauren Barley
Patagonia produces high-quality environmentally friendly garments that command significant price premiums. In Spring 2010, Patagonia rolled out a new, radical environmental initiative called "Product Lifecycle Initiative" (PLI), which was committed to lengthening the... View Details
Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Environmental Management; Business Models; Beliefs; Product Differentiation; Product Lines; Yvon Chouinard; Rose Marcario; Retailing; Corporate Social Responsibility; Apparel Manufacturing; Strategy; Apparel and Accessories Industry; United States
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Reinhardt, Forest, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Lauren Barley. "Patagonia (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 714-465, February 2014.
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