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      • Faculty Publications  (17)

      Space EconomyRemove Space Economy →

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      • 2025
      • Book

      Space to Grow: Unlocking the Final Economic Frontier

      By: Matthew Weinzierl and Brendan Rosseau
      Your guide--using the compelling stories of changemakers and the tools of economics--to the transformation and future possibilities of the business and economics of space.

      Space is a place of unparalleled possibility for humanity, and it's undergoing a... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Economics; Innovation and Invention; Market Entry and Exit; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, and Brendan Rosseau. Space to Grow: Unlocking the Final Economic Frontier. Harvard Business Review Press, 2025.
      • June 2024
      • Article

      Real Growth in Space Manufacturing Output Substantially Exceeds Growth in the Overall Space Economy

      By: Tina Highfill and Matthew Weinzierl
      Accurately measuring real economic output in the space economy is made difficult by the rapid increase in capabilities and decrease in prices of launch and satellite technologies achieved over the past two decades. Nominal measures of output in space will tend to... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Economic Growth; Price; Production; Aerospace Industry
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      Highfill, Tina, and Matthew Weinzierl. "Real Growth in Space Manufacturing Output Substantially Exceeds Growth in the Overall Space Economy." Acta Astronautica 219 (June 2024): 236–242.
      • September 2021 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Tesla in 2023: 'Electrified' Competition

      By: Eric Van den Steen, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      Over its 17 years in existence, Tesla had redefined people’s view of electric cars, and in 2020, the company saw its stock rise by more than 700% to became the most valuable carmaker in the world. In December 2020, Tesla celebrated its fifth consecutive quarter of... View Details
      Keywords: Barrier To Entry; Competitive Advantage; Innovation; Tesla; Automotive Industry; Sustainable Competitive Advantage; Values; Vision; Learning By Doing; Economies Of Scale; Electric Vehicle; Scenario Planning; Batteries; Competitive Strategy; Product Positioning; Profit; Competition; Industry Growth; Auto Industry
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      Van den Steen, Eric, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Karen Elterman. "Tesla in 2023: 'Electrified' Competition." Harvard Business School Case 722-375, September 2021. (Revised March 2024.)
      • June 2021 (Revised December 2021)
      • Case

      The Lunar Gateway, Moon vs. Mars, and the Political Governance of Space Activities

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl and Mehak Sarang
      In 2017, the Trump Administration made a bold claim—that they would return the next man and the first woman to the lunar surface by 2024, this time to establish a sustainable presence to enable further exploration in the solar system. With the Artemis Program, NASA has... View Details
      Keywords: Space; Space Economy; Aerospace; Nasa; Governance; Policy; International Relations; Infrastructure
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C., and Mehak Sarang. "The Lunar Gateway, Moon vs. Mars, and the Political Governance of Space Activities." Harvard Business School Case 721-059, June 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
      • May 2021
      • Case

      The International Space Station, Principal-Agent Problems, and NASA's Quest to Keep Humans in Space

      By: Matthew Weinzierl and Mehak Sarang
      In building the International Space Station (ISS), NASA opened the door to the development of a robust in-space economy in low-Earth Orbit, and yet the decision to build the station, and continue to extend its lifetime, placed a huge burden on NASA’s Human Spaceflight... View Details
      Keywords: Aerospace; Nasa; Space Economy; Principal-agent Theory; Policy; Commercialization; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, and Mehak Sarang. "The International Space Station, Principal-Agent Problems, and NASA's Quest to Keep Humans in Space." Harvard Business School Case 721-054, May 2021.
      • February 12, 2021
      • Article

      The Commercial Space Age Is Here

      By: Matt Weinzierl and Mehak Sarang
      In May of 2020, SpaceX made history as the first private company to send humans into space. This marks not only a tremendous technological achievement, but also the first indication that an entirely new “space-for-space” industry—that is, goods and services designed to... View Details
      Keywords: Space Economy; New Markets; Emerging Markets; Opportunities; Entrepreneurship; Commercialization; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matt, and Mehak Sarang. "The Commercial Space Age Is Here." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (February 12, 2021).
      • December 2020 (Revised March 2021)
      • Case

      Made In Space, Expectations Management, and the Business of In-Space Manufacturing

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl and Mehak Sarang
      After having proven its base technology (3D printing) through NASA solicitations and contracts, Made In Space was searching for a viable commercial application. But the business case for the leading candidate, high-quality fiber optic cable for use on Earth, remained... View Details
      Keywords: Aerospace; Space; Space Economy; 3D Printing; Manufacturing; Public-private Partnership; Partners and Partnerships; Strategy; Business and Government Relations; Aerospace Industry; Manufacturing Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C., and Mehak Sarang. "Made In Space, Expectations Management, and the Business of In-Space Manufacturing." Harvard Business School Case 721-025, December 2020. (Revised March 2021.)
      • May 2020
      • Article

      Negotiating a Better Future: How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Inter-Generational Investment

      By: Nava Ashraf, Natalie Bau, Corinne Low and Kathleen McGinn
      Using a randomized control trial, we examine whether offering adolescent girls nonmaterial resources—specifically, negotiation skills—can improve educational outcomes in a low-income country. In so doing, we provide the first evidence on the effects of an intervention... View Details
      Keywords: Negotiation; Competency and Skills; Training; Age; Gender; Education; Investment; Outcome or Result; Developing Countries and Economies
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      Ashraf, Nava, Natalie Bau, Corinne Low, and Kathleen McGinn. "Negotiating a Better Future: How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Inter-Generational Investment." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2 (May 2020): 1095–1151.
      • April 2020 (Revised October 2021)
      • Case

      SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and a Revolution in Space Access

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl, Kylie Lucas and Mehak Sarang
      From the time he transformed the world of online banking, Elon Musk established himself as a bold innovator. After selling X.com to PayPal in 2002, he founded a series of revolutionary start-ups, starting with Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX). Hoping to "make... View Details
      Keywords: Space Tech; Space Access; Vision; Economies Of Scale; Technological Innovation; Emerging Markets; Commercialization; Finance; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C., Kylie Lucas, and Mehak Sarang. "SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and a Revolution in Space Access." Harvard Business School Case 720-027, April 2020. (Revised October 2021.)
      • March 2019 (Revised May 2019)
      • Case

      Space Angels, Multiple Equilibria, and Financing the Space Economy

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl and Alissa Haddaji
      Chad Anderson had reason to be proud of his young space-focused investment firm, Space Angels. Since becoming CEO, Anderson had overseen growth along multiple dimensions, and Space Angels was “the preeminent name in space finance” according to one prominent space... View Details
      Keywords: Space Economy; Venture Capital; Entrepreneurship; Strategy; Business Model; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C., and Alissa Haddaji. "Space Angels, Multiple Equilibria, and Financing the Space Economy." Harvard Business School Case 719-070, March 2019. (Revised May 2019.)
      • Article

      Space, the Final Economic Frontier

      By: Matthew C. Weinzierl
      After decades of centralized control of economic activity in space, NASA and U.S. policymakers have begun to cede the direction of human activities in space to commercial companies. NASA garnered more than 0.7% of GDP in the mid-1960s but is only around 0.1% of GDP... View Details
      Keywords: Emerging Markets; Economics; Private Sector; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew C. "Space, the Final Economic Frontier." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, no. 2 (Spring 2018): 173–192.
      • September–October 2017
      • Article

      Managing Our Hub Economy: Strategy, Ethics, and Network Competition in the Age of Digital Superpowers

      By: Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani
      A small number of digital superpowers—Alibaba, Amazon, Microsoft, and others—have become “hub firms” because they control access to billions of mobile customers coveted by all kinds of product and service providers. These hubs drive increasing returns to scale and... View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Strategic Planning; Auto Industry; Technology Industry
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      Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Managing Our Hub Economy: Strategy, Ethics, and Network Competition in the Age of Digital Superpowers." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 5 (September–October 2017): 84–92.
      • April 2017
      • Case

      Planetary Resources Inc., Property Rights, and the Regulation of the Space Economy

      By: Matthew Weinzierl and Angela Acocella
      Planetary Resources, Inc. (PRI) had a bold, some said crazy, vision: to mine asteroids. One might have assumed that developing the right technology would be the greatest challenge facing PRI. But even if the fledgling company could develop and deploy the sophisticated... View Details
      Keywords: Property; Rights; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Aerospace Industry; Mining Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, and Angela Acocella. "Planetary Resources Inc., Property Rights, and the Regulation of the Space Economy." Harvard Business School Case 717-053, April 2017.
      • February 2016 (Revised May 2016)
      • Case

      Astroscale, Space Debris, and Earth's Orbital Commons

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Angela Acocella and Mayuka Yamazaki
      An engineer and technology entrepreneur, Nobu Okada, had turned a mid-life crisis into a bold—some would say quixotic—quest to prevent a tragedy of the commons at the global scale. Namely, Okada believed the accumulation of debris in near-Earth orbital space posed a... View Details
      Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Global Range; Entrepreneurship; Crisis Management; Wastes and Waste Processing; Economics; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Angela Acocella, and Mayuka Yamazaki. "Astroscale, Space Debris, and Earth's Orbital Commons." Harvard Business School Case 716-037, February 2016. (Revised May 2016.)
      • May–June 2015
      • Article

      Dead Weight: How Greece Wound up Trapped in the European Union

      By: Debora L. Spar
      In the early 1990s, Greece fell far afield of the economic criteria laid out by the Maastricht Treaty, the EU's founding document. In 1999, when the European monetary union was launched, Greece failed to meet the criteria again, but managed to squeeze into the body two... View Details
      Keywords: EU; Geopolitics; Economic Conditions; Economy; Financial Crisis; Greece; European Union
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      Spar, Debora L. "Dead Weight: How Greece Wound up Trapped in the European Union." Foreign Policy 212 (May–June 2015).
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Assess, Don't Assume, Part I: Etiquette and National Culture in Negotiation

      By: James K. Sebenius
      When facing a cross-border negotiation, the standard preparatory assessments -- of the parties, their interests, their no-deal options, opportunities for and barriers to creating and claiming value, the most promising sequence and process design, etc. -- should be... View Details
      Keywords: Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Negotiation Process; Societal Protocols; Competitive Advantage; Cooperation
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      Sebenius, James K. "Assess, Don't Assume, Part I: Etiquette and National Culture in Negotiation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-048, December 2009.
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Assess, Don't Assume, Part II: Negotiating Implications of Cross-Border Differences in Decision Making, Governance, and Political Economy

      By: James K. Sebenius

      When facing a cross-border negotiation, the standard preparatory assessments—of the parties, their interests, their no-deal options, opportunities for and barriers to creating and claiming value, the most promising sequence and process design, etc.—should be... View Details

      Keywords: Decision Making; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Corporate Governance; Negotiation Process; Organizational Culture; Business and Government Relations
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      Sebenius, James K. "Assess, Don't Assume, Part II: Negotiating Implications of Cross-Border Differences in Decision Making, Governance, and Political Economy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-050, December 2009.
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