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- July 2013 (Revised November 2021)
- Module Note
Exploration vs. Exploitation
By: Willy Shih
This module note introduces James March's concept of exploration and exploitation, and the management challenge of balancing the allocation of resources to the two activities in the firm. The note also touches on the O'Reilly and Tushman paper on the ambidextrous... View Details
Keywords: Exploration And Exploitation; Exploitation; Research; Scientific Research; Product Commercialization; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Knowledge Acquisition; Growth and Development Strategy; Resource Allocation; Strategic Planning; Research and Development; Science-Based Business; Corporate Strategy; Knowledge Sharing; Biotechnology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; Semiconductor Industry; Technology Industry; United States
Shih, Willy. "Exploration vs. Exploitation." Harvard Business School Module Note 614-004, July 2013. (Revised November 2021.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
The Evolutionary Nature of Breakthrough Innovation: Re-Evaluating the Exploration vs. Exploitation Dichotomy
By: Dominika K. Sarnecka and Gary P. Pisano
Over the past few decades, a consensus has emerged that breakthrough innovations emerge from exploration of novel terrain while more routine innovations are the product of exploitation. In this paper, we revisit this explore versus exploit dichotomy with an analysis... View Details
Keywords: Breakthrough Innovation; Exploration And Exploitation; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation
Sarnecka, Dominika K., and Gary P. Pisano. "The Evolutionary Nature of Breakthrough Innovation: Re-Evaluating the Exploration vs. Exploitation Dichotomy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-071, December 2020.
- 24 May 2010
- News
Exploiting institutional voids
- Article
Exploration and Exploitation within and across Organizations
By: Dovev Lavie, Uriel Stettner and Michael Tushman
Jim March's framework of exploration and exploitation has drawn substantial interest from scholars studying phenomena such as organizational learning, knowledge management, innovation, organizational design, and strategic alliances. This framework has become an... View Details
Keywords: Learning; Framework; Innovation and Invention; Knowledge Management; Organizational Design; Outcome or Result; Alliances; Behavior
Lavie, Dovev, Uriel Stettner, and Michael Tushman. "Exploration and Exploitation within and across Organizations." Academy of Management Annals 4 (2010): 109–155.
- November–December 1995
- Article
Exploiting the Virtual Value Chain
By: Jeffrey F. Rayport and J. J. Sviokla
Rayport, Jeffrey F., and J. J. Sviokla. "Exploiting the Virtual Value Chain." Harvard Business Review 73, no. 6 (November–December 1995): 75–85.
- Research Summary
(formerly Leonard-Barton) Creating and Exploiting Knowledge-Based Assets
For the past decade, Dorothy Leonard's research has focused on how companies develop and exploit strategically advantageous knowledge assets. In her 1995 book Wellsprings of Knowledge (HBS Press), she identified and described in depth, activities that create and... View Details
- April 2017 (Revised July 2017)
- Case
ISRO: Explore Space or Exploit CubeSats?
By: Prithwiraj Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Karim Lakhani and Rachna Tahilyani
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) achieved global acclaim by launching successful missions to the moon and Mars at a fraction of the cost of prior Western missions. It is now faced with an important strategic dilemma—whether to continue exploring deep space... View Details
Choudhury, Prithwiraj, Tarun Khanna, Karim Lakhani, and Rachna Tahilyani. "ISRO: Explore Space or Exploit CubeSats?" Harvard Business School Case 617-062, April 2017. (Revised July 2017.)
- 2006
- Conference Presentation
Exploitation Frameworks: A Comparative Study
By: Frank Nagle, Jeff Berg and Adam Zeldis
- August 2007
- Article
Exploiting Disruption to Jumpstart Innovation
Applegate, Lynda M. "Exploiting Disruption to Jumpstart Innovation." Harvard Business School Working Knowledge (August 2007).
- Article
Why Not Exploit Dual Marketing?
By: John A. Quelch
Quelch, John A. "Why Not Exploit Dual Marketing?" Business Horizons 30, no. 1 (January–February 1987): 52–60.
- June 1991
- Background Note
Corporate Advantage: Identifying and Exploiting Resources
By: David J. Collis
Describes the economic theory that was behind the view that resources are central to the creation of value in multibusiness corporations and identifies tests that resources must pass to become part of a firm's "distinctive competence". Describes how those resources can... View Details
Keywords: Business Conglomerates; Business or Company Management; Resource Allocation; Competitive Strategy; Theory; Value Creation
Collis, David J. "Corporate Advantage: Identifying and Exploiting Resources." Harvard Business School Background Note 391-285, June 1991.
- March 2018
- Teaching Note
ISRO: Explore Space or Exploit CubeSats?
By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
ISRO, India’s space agency, established to address domestic challenges with space technology, is one of the six largest space agencies in the world. Through its 59 missions, ISRO has launched numerous satellites for communication, disaster management, navigation,... View Details
- June 2000 (Revised September 2000)
- Case
Amazon.com: Exploiting the Value of Digital Business Infrastructure
By: Lynda M. Applegate and Meredith Collura
Enables a thorough analysis of Amazon.com and the company's value proposition, in terms of its business concept, digital business capabilities, and community and shareholder value. Examines the company's complex set of business models and web of business relationships,... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Asset Pricing; Capital; Financial Management; Technological Innovation; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Relationships; Competitive Strategy; Information Technology Industry; Web Services Industry
Applegate, Lynda M., and Meredith Collura. "Amazon.com: Exploiting the Value of Digital Business Infrastructure." Harvard Business School Case 800-330, June 2000. (Revised September 2000.)
- fall 1991
- Article
Interactive Marketing: Exploiting the age of Addressability
By: J. A. Deighton and R. C. Blattberg
Keywords: Marketing
Deighton, J. A., and R. C. Blattberg. "Interactive Marketing: Exploiting the age of Addressability." MIT Sloan Management Review 33, no. 1 (fall 1991): 5–14.
- 1993
- Article
Interactive Marketing: Exploiting the Age of Addressability
By: R. C. Blattberg and J. A. Deighton
Keywords: Marketing
Blattberg, R. C., and J. A. Deighton. "Interactive Marketing: Exploiting the Age of Addressability." Harvard Business Manager 15, no. 1 (1993): 5–14.
- 2018
- Working Paper
Thanks for Nothing: Expressing Gratitude Invites Exploitation by Competitors
By: Jeremy Yip, Kelly Kiyeon Lee, Cindy Chan and Alison Wood Brooks
Previous research has revealed that expressing gratitude motivates prosocial behavior in cooperative relationships. However, expressing gratitude in competitive interactions may operate differently. Across five studies, we demonstrate that individuals interacting with... View Details
Yip, Jeremy, Kelly Kiyeon Lee, Cindy Chan, and Alison Wood Brooks. "Thanks for Nothing: Expressing Gratitude Invites Exploitation by Competitors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-081, February 2018.
- Article
Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit
By: Charles A. O'Reilly III and Michael L. Tushman
Dynamic capabilities have been proposed as a useful way to understand how organizations are able to adapt to changes in technology and markets. Organizational ambidexterity, the ability of senior managers to seize opportunities through the orchestration and integration... View Details
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Management Practices and Processes; Resource Allocation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Design; Opportunities
O'Reilly, Charles A., III, and Michael L. Tushman. "Organizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit." California Management Review 53, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 5–21.
- 2023
- Article
Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators
By: Benjamin Jakubowski, Siram Somanchi, Edward McFowland III and Daniel B. Neill
Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are widely used to estimate causal effects in the absence of a randomized experiment. However, standard approaches to RD analysis face two significant limitations. First, they require a priori knowledge of discontinuities in... View Details
Jakubowski, Benjamin, Siram Somanchi, Edward McFowland III, and Daniel B. Neill. "Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators." Journal of Machine Learning Research 24, no. 133 (2023): 1–57.
- December 2007 (Revised June 2009)
- Background Note
Identifying and Exploiting the Right Entrepreneurial Opportunity...For You
By: Howard H. Stevenson and Shirley Spence
This note provides an analytical framework for assessing potential opportunities in the context of an entrepreneur's life. The framework has two parts -- a business analysis and a personal analysis -- each comprised of a set of yes/no questions for critical assessment... View Details
Stevenson, Howard H., and Shirley Spence. "Identifying and Exploiting the Right Entrepreneurial Opportunity...For You." Harvard Business School Background Note 808-043, December 2007. (Revised June 2009.)