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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (756)
      • Faculty Publications  (111)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions

      By: Christian Kaps and Arielle Anderer
      Learning curves, the fact that technologies improve as a function of cumulative experience or investment, are desirable-think inexpensive solar panels or higher performing semiconductors. But, for firms that need to pick one technology among several candidates, such as... View Details
      Keywords: Learning Curve; Technology; Innovation; Batteries; Energy Storage; Sequential Decision Making; TELCO; Exploration; Exploitation; Problems and Challenges; Cost vs Benefits; Technology Adoption; Battery Industry
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      Kaps, Christian, and Arielle Anderer. "How to Choose Among Technologies with Learning Curves: Making Better Investment Decisions." Working Paper, March 2025.
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Ather Energy: The Future of Mobility

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Kannan Srinivasan and Malini Sen
      Ather Energy, India’s third-largest electric scooter maker by volume, was founded in 2013. Five years later, the start-up launched its first electric scooter, Ather 450, which was powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), to navigate... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Policy; Climate Change; Alternative Energy; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Transportation; Transformation; Green Technology; Technology Adoption; Communication Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Customer Focus and Relationships; Asia; India
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Kannan Srinivasan, and Malini Sen. "Ather Energy: The Future of Mobility." Harvard Business School Case 525-040, November 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Case

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (A): A Comparative Analysis of Climate Actions and Change Enablers in 14 U.S. Cities

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Throughout the early 2000's, emphasis was placed on initiatives to adapt to and mitigate climate action in cities. This series presents overviews (snapshots) of 14 U.S. metropolitan regions to help identify similarities, differences, and opportunities for developing... View Details
      Keywords: Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Renewable; Mobility; City; Climate Change; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Weather; Problems and Challenges; United States; Boston; Detroit; Miami; Minneapolis; St. Paul; Pittsburgh; Seattle; San Jose
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (A): A Comparative Analysis of Climate Actions and Change Enablers in 14 U.S. Cities." Harvard Business School Case 324-080, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B1): Birmingham Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Natania Elias and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Alabama
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Natania Elias, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B1): Birmingham Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-082, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B10): Pittsburgh Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Pittsburgh
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B10): Pittsburgh Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-091, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B11): Salt Lake City Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Praveen Kumar and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Utah
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Praveen Kumar, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B11): Salt Lake City Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-092, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B12): San Antonio Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Natania Elias and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Texas
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Natania Elias, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B12): San Antonio Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-093, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B13): Seattle Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Hailey Chen and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Seattle
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Hailey Chen, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B13): Seattle Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-094, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B14): San Jose Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Hailey Chen and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; Innovation and Invention; United States; San Jose
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Hailey Chen, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B14): San Jose Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-095, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B2): Boston Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Margot Zuckerman and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; Boston; United States
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Margot Zuckerman, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B2): Boston Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-083, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B3): Chattanooga Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; United States; Tennessee
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B3): Chattanooga Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-084, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B4): Columbus Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Ohio
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B4): Columbus Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-085, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B5): Detroit Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Detroit
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B5): Detroit Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-086, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B6): Miami Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; United States; Miami
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Ai-Ling Jamila Malone, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B6): Miami Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-087, February 2024.
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B7): Milwaukee Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Coelin P. Scibetta and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Cities; Climate; Climate Impact; Innovation; Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Investing; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; United States; Wisconsin
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Coelin P. Scibetta, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B7): Milwaukee Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-088, February 2024.
      • February 2024 (Revised April 2024)
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B8): Minneapolis-St. Paul Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Praveen Kumar and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Minneapolis; St. Paul
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Praveen Kumar, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B8): Minneapolis-St. Paul Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-089, February 2024. (Revised April 2024.)
      • February 2024
      • Supplement

      Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B9): Nashville Climate Action Snapshot

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      Climate snapshots provide a summary of climate actions that occurred between 2018 and 2024, highlighting major green initiatives, innovations, carbon mitigation strategy, and action across multiple levels of government and the private sector. Snapshots also provide an... View Details
      Keywords: Mitigation Policies; Carbon Footprint; Climate Finance; Mobility; Adaptation; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Problems and Challenges; Sustainable Cities; City; Innovation Strategy; Investment; United States; Tennessee
      Citation
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Can Cities Beat the Heat? (B9): Nashville Climate Action Snapshot." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-090, February 2024.
      • January 2024 (Revised May 2024)
      • Case

      Pioneer Natural Resources: Enhancing the Capital Return Strategy with Variable Dividends

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Elisabeth Kempf and E. Scott Mayfield
      In February 2021, Scott Sheffield, the CEO of Pioneer Natural Resources (an independent oil and gas company based in Texas), was considering the possibility of enhancing the firm’s capital return strategy by introducing a variable dividend tied to cash flows in... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Finance; Cash Flow; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Value Creation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Investment Return; Profit; Policy; Business and Shareholder Relations; Energy Industry; United States; North America; Texas
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Elisabeth Kempf, and E. Scott Mayfield. "Pioneer Natural Resources: Enhancing the Capital Return Strategy with Variable Dividends." Harvard Business School Case 224-001, January 2024. (Revised May 2024.)
      • November 2023
      • Article

      Coalition Cascades: The Politics of Tipping Points in Clean Energy Transitions

      By: Jonas Meckling and Nicholas Goedeking
      Policy change often involves multiple policy subsystems, as in the case of clean energy transitions. We argue that trans- subsystem policy feedback is a central dynamic in policy change across subsystems. Policy in one subsystem creates ... View Details
      Keywords: Policy; Transition; Energy Sources; System
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      Meckling, Jonas, and Nicholas Goedeking. "Coalition Cascades: The Politics of Tipping Points in Clean Energy Transitions." Policy Studies Journal 51, no. 4 (November 2023): 715–739.
      • October 2023 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      KOKO Networks: Bridging Energy Transition and Affordability with Carbon Financing

      By: George Serafeim, Siko Sikochi and Namrata Arora
      The problem was massive: two million hectares of African forests were lost annually to charcoal production for cooking, an area equivalent to 13 times Greater London, resulting in one billion tons of carbon emissions yearly. At the same time, an estimated 700,000... View Details
      Keywords: Clean Tech; Digital; Carbon Credits; Carbon Offsetting; Climate Change; Entrepreneurship; Energy Sources; Environmental Sustainability; Health; Market Design; Business Startups; Transition; Environmental Regulation; Policy; Energy Industry; Energy Industry; Africa; Kenya; Rwanda
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      Serafeim, George, Siko Sikochi, and Namrata Arora. "KOKO Networks: Bridging Energy Transition and Affordability with Carbon Financing." Harvard Business School Case 124-022, October 2023. (Revised March 2024.)
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