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Publications

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  • All HBS Web  (69)
    • Faculty Publications  (23)

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    • All HBS Web  (69)
      • Faculty Publications  (23)

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      The Limits of Insurance Demand and the Growing Protection Gap

      By: Parinitha Sastry, Tess Scharlemann, Ishita Sen and Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva
      In a world with rising risk, how much are U.S. households willing to pay for homeowners insurance, and what does their demand imply for the future of insurance markets? We provide the first estimates of household willingness to pay for homeowners insurance and the... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Risk and Uncertainty; Insurance; Personal Finance; Consumer Behavior; Mortgages
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      Sastry, Parinitha, Tess Scharlemann, Ishita Sen, and Ana-Maria Tenekedjieva. "The Limits of Insurance Demand and the Growing Protection Gap." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-054, February 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Case

      #FutureFresenius: Implementing a New Strategy to Transform the Company and Advance Patient Care

      By: David J. Collis, Benjamin C. Esty and Haisley Wert
      In February 2024, Fresenius CEO Michael Sen reflected on the company’s transformation journey from his office in Bad Homburg, Germany. With revenues of €22 billion and a mission to advance patient care, Fresenius had built a strong reputation through decades of... View Details
      Keywords: Strategic Planning; Corporate Strategy; Transformation; Finance; Leading Change; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Alignment; Health Industry; Germany; United States
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      Collis, David J., Benjamin C. Esty, and Haisley Wert. "#FutureFresenius: Implementing a New Strategy to Transform the Company and Advance Patient Care." Harvard Business School Case 725-361, April 2025.
      • March 2025
      • Case

      Sarojini Naidu: Courage of the Nightingale

      By: Ranjay Gulati, Malini Sen and Anjali Raina
      Indian poet and freedom fighter and mother of four, Sarojini (Chattopadhyay) Naidu, could not hold back. As the protestors marched ahead without retaliating against the police’s blows, she stepped forward to join them. A British officer approached Naidu and touched her... View Details
      Keywords: India; Asia
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      Gulati, Ranjay, Malini Sen, and Anjali Raina. "Sarojini Naidu: Courage of the Nightingale." Harvard Business School Case 425-085, March 2025.
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Ather Energy: The Future of Mobility

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Kannan Srinivasan and Malini Sen
      Ather Energy, India’s third-largest electric scooter maker by volume, was founded in 2013. Five years later, the start-up launched its first electric scooter, Ather 450, which was powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), to navigate... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Policy; Climate Change; Alternative Energy; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Transportation; Transformation; Green Technology; Technology Adoption; Communication Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Customer Focus and Relationships; Asia; India
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Kannan Srinivasan, and Malini Sen. "Ather Energy: The Future of Mobility." Harvard Business School Case 525-040, November 2024.
      • 2023
      • Article

      M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai and Haoyi Xiong
      While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques have been widely studied to explain predictions made by deep neural networks, the way to evaluate the faithfulness of explanation results remains challenging, due to the heterogeneity of explanations for... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Xuhong Li, Mengnan Du, Jiamin Chen, Yekun Chai, and Haoyi Xiong. "M4: A Unified XAI Benchmark for Faithfulness Evaluation of Feature Attribution Methods across Metrics, Modalities, and Models." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (2023).
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Chai Point

      By: Rembrand Koning, Daniel W. Elfenbein and Kanika Jain
      Chai Point was an Indian food and beverage company focused on chai. It started in 2010 as a retail store network but soon expanded to corporate offices by developing an IoT-enabled automatic tea and filter coffee machine. By 2023, Chai Point had 170 stores and 5000... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Food; Resource Allocation; Vertical Integration; Expansion; Food and Beverage Industry; Technology Industry; Retail Industry; India
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      Koning, Rembrand, Daniel W. Elfenbein, and Kanika Jain. "Chai Point." Harvard Business School Case 724-418, November 2023.
      • October 2023
      • Case

      Leading Transformation at IHCL

      By: Krishna G. Palepu, V.G. Narayanan and Malini Sen
      In November 2017, Puneet Chhatwal, took charge as MD and CEO of IHCL, popularly referred to as the Taj Hotels. Despite being India’s largest hospitality company by market capitalization and respected for its values and service, IHCL had made losses for the last seven... View Details
      Keywords: Turn Around Management; Hospitality Industry; Brand Management; Financial Strategy; Business Model; Restructuring; Asset Management; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Segmentation; Asia; India
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      Palepu, Krishna G., V.G. Narayanan, and Malini Sen. "Leading Transformation at IHCL." Harvard Business School Case 124-041, October 2023.
      • June 2023
      • Article

      Regulatory Limits to Risk Management

      By: Ishita Sen
      Variable annuities, the largest liability of U.S. life insurers, are investment products containing long-dated minimum return guarantees. I show that guarantees with similar economic risks are treated differently by regulation and these differences impact insurers’... View Details
      Keywords: Interest Rate Risk; Variable Annuities; Capital Regulation; Reinsurance; Derivatives; Risk Management; Interest Rates; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms
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      Sen, Ishita. "Regulatory Limits to Risk Management." Review of Financial Studies 36, no. 6 (June 2023): 2175–2223. (Lead Article and Editor's Choice, Winner of the RFS Rising Scholar Award 2024.)
      • August 2022
      • Case

      Rocket Learning: Evidence in Action

      By: Brian Trelstad, Tomas Rosales and Malini Sen
      Founders of Rocket Learning, an India-based nonprofit which focused on early childhood education (ECE), received an invitation from MIT’s Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL), a development research organization, to test its intervention for ECE with a... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Early Childhood Education; Nonprofit Organizations; Literacy; Values and Beliefs; Social and Collaborative Networks; Education Industry; India; Asia
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      Trelstad, Brian, Tomas Rosales, and Malini Sen. "Rocket Learning: Evidence in Action." Harvard Business School Case 323-002, August 2022.
      • January 2022 (Revised January 2024)
      • Case

      ReNew Power: Leading the Energy Transition in India

      By: Gunnar Trumbull and Malini Sen
      Founder-CEO of one of India’s largest clean energy companies, ReNew Power, which develops, builds, and operates utility-scale wind and solar energy projects, has to decide the way forward for the company as the country and the world stand poised at the cusp of an... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Generation; Renewable Energy; Energy Sources; Entrepreneurship; Private Equity; Initial Public Offering; Forecasting and Prediction; Trends; Transformation; Private Ownership; Environmental Sustainability; Energy Industry; India; Asia
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      Trumbull, Gunnar, and Malini Sen. "ReNew Power: Leading the Energy Transition in India." Harvard Business School Case 722-028, January 2022. (Revised January 2024.)
      • September 2021 (Revised March 2024)
      • Case

      Bühler: Mobilizing Industry around a Common Purpose

      By: Ranjay Gulati, Franz Wohlgezogen and Malini Sen
      Bühler Group, a Swiss multinational processing technology provider, started by selling machines for processing grains and later transitioned into selling food processing solutions. A family-owned business in the fifth generation, Bühler’s high-end milling, grinding,... View Details
      Keywords: Family Business; Customer Focus and Relationships; Machinery and Machining; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Innovation Leadership; Switzerland
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      Gulati, Ranjay, Franz Wohlgezogen, and Malini Sen. "Bühler: Mobilizing Industry around a Common Purpose." Harvard Business School Case 822-001, September 2021. (Revised March 2024.)
      • January 2021 (Revised February 2021)
      • Case

      TCS: From Physical Offices to Borderless Work

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury and Malini Sen
      Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), a multinational IT services company headquartered in Mumbai, is a subsidiary of one of India’s most reputed conglomerates, the Tata Group. In 2020, TCS was valued at $144.7 billion, the highest for any company in the IT sector,... View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Organizational Structure; Change Management; Transformation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Customer Satisfaction; Information Technology Industry; India; Asia; United States; Europe
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj, and Malini Sen. "TCS: From Physical Offices to Borderless Work." Harvard Business School Case 621-081, January 2021. (Revised February 2021.)
      • September 2017 (Revised March 2018)
      • Case

      Chai Point: Disrupting Chai

      By: Shikhar Ghosh, Ramana Nanda and Rachna Tahilyani
      Chai Point is India’s largest organized chai retailer. It has missed its target for retail store openings by approximately 25%, goals that are very important to its investors who are also board members. However, it has developed an exciting new internet-based tea... View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Venture Capital; Stock; Business Model; Mobile Technology; Technological Innovation; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Internet and the Web; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Food; Selection and Staffing; Employee Stock Ownership Plan; Resignation and Termination; Compensation and Benefits; Resource Allocation; Product Positioning; Distribution Channels; Product Design; Supply Chain; Governing and Advisory Boards; Food and Beverage Industry; Retail Industry; Asia; India; Karnataka; Bangalore
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, Ramana Nanda, and Rachna Tahilyani. "Chai Point: Disrupting Chai." Harvard Business School Case 818-020, September 2017. (Revised March 2018.)
      • Winter 2017
      • Article

      Why Big Data Isn't Enough

      By: Sen Chai and Willy C. Shih
      There is a growing belief that sophisticated algorithms can explore huge databases and find relationships independent of any preconceived hypotheses. But in businesses that involve scientific research and technological innovation, this approach is misguided and... View Details
      Keywords: Big Data; Science-based; Science; Scientific Research; Data Analytics; Data Science; Data-driven Management; Data Scientists; Technological Innovation; Analytics and Data Science; Mathematical Methods; Theory
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      Chai, Sen, and Willy C. Shih. "Why Big Data Isn't Enough." Art. 58227. MIT Sloan Management Review 58, no. 2 (Winter 2017): 57–61.
      • February 2016
      • Article

      Bridging Science and Technology Through Academic-Industry Partnerships

      By: Sen Chai and Willy C. Shih
      Partnerships that foster the translation of scientific advances emerging from academic research organizations into commercialized products at private firms are a policy tool that has attracted increased interest. This paper examines empirical data from the Danish... View Details
      Keywords: Economic Development; Technological Change; Government Policy; Technological Innovation; Research and Development; Information Technology; Policy; Technology Industry; Denmark
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      Chai, Sen, and Willy C. Shih. "Bridging Science and Technology Through Academic-Industry Partnerships." Research Policy 45, no. 1 (February 2016): 148–158.
      • Article

      What to Know About Locating in a Cluster

      By: Willy C. Shih and Sen Chai
      As a study of two industry clusters in Denmark shows, factors that can make clusters attractive—easy people movement and knowledge spillovers—can also make it harder for individual companies to retain proprietary knowledge. View Details
      Keywords: Clusters; Clustering; Competitiveness; Life Sciences; Telecommunications; Science-based; Research And Development; Industry Clusters; Research; Innovation Strategy; Innovation and Management; Geographic Location; Pharmaceutical Industry; Biotechnology Industry; Telecommunications Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Denmark
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      Shih, Willy C., and Sen Chai. "What to Know About Locating in a Cluster." Art. 57117. MIT Sloan Management Review 57, no. 1 (Fall 2015): 104–107.
      • February 2014
      • Case

      BGI: Data-driven Research

      By: Willy Shih and Sen Chai
      BGI has the largest installed gene-sequencing capacity in the world, and to Zhang Gengyun, general manager of the Life Sciences Division, this represented an opportunity to apply his training as a plant breeder and his early career work as a biochemist to improving... View Details
      Keywords: Genomics; Gene Sequencing; Life Sciences; Plant Breeding; Human Genome Program; Beijing Genomics Institute; BGI; Rice Genome; Technological Innovation; Innovation Strategy; Research; Research and Development; Science; Genetics; Science-Based Business; Strategy; Commercialization; Corporate Strategy; Information Technology; Applications and Software; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Biotechnology Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; China; United States
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      Shih, Willy, and Sen Chai. "BGI: Data-driven Research." Harvard Business School Case 614-056, February 2014.
      • September 2013
      • Case

      PadFone vs. FonePad

      By: Willy Shih and Sen Chai
      To Jonney Shih, Chairman of ASUSTek Computer, the introduction of Apple's iPad made clear the need to transition his company to a new cloud-computing era. But the company's roots in the manufacture of Windows-powered desktop and notebook PCs bounded the creativity of... View Details
      Keywords: Mobile Phones; Smartphone; Tablet Computer; Android; Recombination; Design Thinking; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Strategy; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Competitive Strategy; Information Technology; Internet and the Web; Mobile and Wireless Technology; Information Technology Industry; Computer Industry; Communications Industry; Technology Industry; Asia; Taiwan; Europe; United States
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      Shih, Willy, and Sen Chai. "PadFone vs. FonePad." Harvard Business School Case 614-023, September 2013.
      • July 2013
      • Case

      Novozymes: Establishing the Cellulosic Ethanol Value Chain

      By: Willy Shih and Sen Chai

      As the world's largest producer of industrial enzymes, Novozymes had invested heavily for many years to bio-engineer enzymes that could break down cellulose into fermentable sugar. In 2010, the company had launched what it thought would become a breakthrough product... View Details

      Keywords: System Complexity; Industrial Enzymes; Ethanol; Collulosic Ethanol; Fermentation; Genomics; Genetic Engineering; Value Chain; Assembling Value Chain; Energy Sources; Renewable Energy; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Industry Growth; Production; Research; Research and Development; Science; Genetics; Natural Environment; Environmental Sustainability; Science-Based Business; Business Strategy; Commercialization; Vertical Integration; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Biotechnology Industry; Energy Industry; Denmark; United States
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      Shih, Willy, and Sen Chai. "Novozymes: Establishing the Cellulosic Ethanol Value Chain." Harvard Business School Case 614-001, July 2013.
      • February 2013 (Revised March 2015)
      • Case

      The LEGO Group: Publish or Protect?

      By: Willy C. Shih and Sen Chai
      Senior managers at the LEGO Group are faced with a quandary: Should they patent inventions coming out of their manufacturing process development work, should they keep them as trade secrets, or should they publish them so that they would go into the public domain and... View Details
      Keywords: Plastics; Injection Molding; Toys; LEGO; LEGO Group; Tools; Additive Manufacturing; 3D Manufacturing; Toolmaking; Patenting; Spillovers; Knowledge Spillovers; Change; Trends; Engineering; Machinery and Machining; Intellectual Property; Patents; Operations; Production; Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Technology Adoption; Consumer Products Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Technology Industry; Europe; Denmark
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      Shih, Willy C., and Sen Chai. "The LEGO Group: Publish or Protect?" Harvard Business School Case 613-079, February 2013. (Revised March 2015.)
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