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- 1989
- Article
The Creative Environment Scales: The Work Environment Inventory
By: T. M. Amabile and N. Gryskiewicz
The Creative Environment Scales Work Environment Inventory (WEI) is a new paper-and-pencil instrument designed to assess stimulants and obstacles to creativity in the work environment. Unlike many instruments that are designed as comprehensive descriptions of the work... View Details
Keywords: Creativity; Innovation and Invention; Working Conditions; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
Amabile, T. M., and N. Gryskiewicz. "The Creative Environment Scales: The Work Environment Inventory." Creativity Research Journal 2 (1989): 231–254.
- April 2023
- Article
Racial Inequality in Work Environments
By: Letian Zhang
This article explores racial stratification in work environments. Inequality scholars have long identified racial disparities in wage and occupational attainment, but workers’ careers and well-being are also shaped by elements of their work environment, including firm... View Details
Keywords: Discrimination; Race; Equality and Inequality; Working Conditions; Personal Development and Career; Organizational Culture
Zhang, Letian. "Racial Inequality in Work Environments." American Sociological Review 88, no. 2 (April 2023): 252–283.
- October 1996
- Article
Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity
By: T. M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby and M. Herron
We describe the development and validation of a new instrument, KEYS: Assessing the Climate for Creativity, designed to assess perceived stimulants and obstacles to creativity in organizational work environments. The KEYS scales have acceptable factor structures,... View Details
Keywords: Creativity; Motivation and Incentives; Organizational Culture; Innovation and Invention; Groups and Teams; Performance; Research; Theory
Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron. "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity." Academy of Management Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1996): 1154–1184.
- 1 Apr 1989
- Conference Presentation
Assessing the Environment for Creativity: The Work Environment Inventory
By: Teresa M. Amabile and N. Gryskiewicz
- December 1999
- Article
Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity during Downsizing
By: T. M. Amabile and Regina Conti
This study examined the work environment for creativity at a large high-technology firm before, during, and after a major downsizing. Creativity and most creativity-supporting aspects of the perceived work environment declined significantly during the downsizing but... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Culture; Situation or Environment; Creativity; Resignation and Termination; Employees; Business or Company Management; Motivation and Incentives; Management Practices and Processes; Crisis Management; Groups and Teams; Communication; Announcements; Interpersonal Communication
Amabile, T. M., and Regina Conti. "Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity during Downsizing." Academy of Management Journal 42, no. 6 (December 1999): 630–640.
- 1995
- Working Paper
Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity
By: Teresa M. Amabile, Regina Conti, Heather Coon, Jeffrey Lazenby and Michael Herron
- 1 Aug 1998
- Conference Presentation
The Relationship between Work Environment and Creativity
By: T. M. Amabile, J. Weinstock and S. Archambault
Keywords: Creativity
- 06 Jul 2020
- News
How Your Work Environment Influences Your Creativity
- 13 Dec 2018
- Blog Post
Working at the Intersection of Business and Environment
student clubs—the Energy and Environment club and the Food, Agriculture and Water club—to co-host various speakers on campus, career treks across the country, and receptions for students and alumni, just to name a few. We strive to amplify student leadership on the... View Details
- 1 Aug 1995
- Conference Presentation
Work Environment Differences between High and Low Creative Projects
Keywords: Creativity
- February 2004
- Article
Leader Behaviors and the Work Environment for Creativity: Perceived Leader Support
By: Teresa M. Amabile, Elizabeth A. Schatzel, Giovanni B. Moneta and Steven J. Kramer
This exploratory study investigated leader behaviors related to perceived leader support, encompassing both instrumental and socioemotional support. The study first established that leader support, proposed to be a key feature of the work environment for creativity,... View Details
Amabile, Teresa M., Elizabeth A. Schatzel, Giovanni B. Moneta, and Steven J. Kramer. "Leader Behaviors and the Work Environment for Creativity: Perceived Leader Support." Leadership Quarterly 15, no. 1 (February 2004): 5–32.
- March 2025 (Revised May 2025)
- Case
ING Türkiye: Flexible Work in a Competitive Banking Environment
By: Ashley Whillans and Nico Schaefer
- 01 Sep 1992
- Conference Presentation
Work Environment Differences between High Creativity and Low Creativity Projects
By: Teresa M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, M. A. Collins, J. Lazenby and M. Herron
Amabile, Teresa M., R. Conti, H. Coon, M. A. Collins, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron. "Work Environment Differences between High Creativity and Low Creativity Projects." Paper presented at the International Creativity and Innovation Networking Conference, Greensboro, NC, September 01, 1992.
- 01 Jul 1994
- Conference Presentation
Work Environments Differ Between Projects High and Low in Creativity
By: R. Conti, Teresa M. Amabile, H. Coon, M. A. Collins, J. Lazenby and M. Herron
Keywords: Creativity
- 2015
- Chapter
Entrepreneurial Creativity: The Role of Learning Processes and Work Environment Supports
By: Michele Rigolizzo and Teresa M. Amabile
Rigolizzo, Michele, and Teresa M. Amabile. "Entrepreneurial Creativity: The Role of Learning Processes and Work Environment Supports." Chap. 4 in The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, edited by Christina E. Shalley, Michael A. Hitt, and Jing Zhou, 61–78. Oxford University Press, 2015.
- October 2019
- Teaching Note
Managing the Future of Work
By: William R. Kerr and Carl Kreitzberg
This teaching note has been prepared to assist instructors with teaching HBS Case Study 818-128 "Managing the Future of Work.' This case has been designed to introduce leaders from various sectors to the Future of Work, and to give them the analytical tools and... View Details
- 2019
- Working Paper
Improving Working Conditions in Global Supply Chains: The Role of Institutional Environments and Monitoring Program Design
By: Jodi L. Short, Michael W. Toffel and Andrea R. Hugill
Activism seeking to improve labor conditions in global supply chains has led transnational corporations to adopt codes of conduct and monitor suppliers for compliance, but it is unclear whether these formal organizational structures raise labor standards. Drawing on... View Details
Keywords: Monitoring; Supplier Relationship; Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Sustainable Operations; Sustainable Supply Chains; NGO; Globalization; Corporate Accountability; Operations; Supply Chain; Supply Chain Management; Labor; Working Conditions; Business Processes; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Performance Evaluation; Safety; Risk and Uncertainty; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Electronics Industry; China; Indonesia; India; Bangladesh
Short, Jodi L., Michael W. Toffel, and Andrea R. Hugill. "Improving Working Conditions in Global Supply Chains: The Role of Institutional Environments and Monitoring Program Design." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-001, July 2016. (Revised September 2019. Formerly titled "Code Contingencies: Designing Monitoring Regimes to Promote Improvement in Supply Chain Working Conditions" and "Beyond Symbolic Responses to Private Politics.")
- 16 Dec 2014
- News
Boston's New Environment and Energy Chief Will Walk to Work Every Day
Keywords: Government
- 2003
- Working Paper
Leader Behaviors and the Work Environment for Creativity: Perceived Leader Support
By: Teresa M. Amabile, Elizabeth A. Schatzel, Giovanni B. Moneta and Steven J. Kramer
- 2025
- Working Paper
Managing Remote Work Quality: Evidence from Auditing Management Systems Standards
By: Ashley Palmarozzo, Michael W. Toffel and Melissa Ouellet
Remote work has become more common, providing operational flexibility and productivity benefits, but questions remain about whether and how it affects work quality. We investigate the quality effects of remote work in a context in which remote work separates workers... View Details
Keywords: Audit; Auditing; Remote Work; Compliance; Assessment; Environment; Management Systems; Quality Management; Quality Management System; Quality; Operations; Supply Chain Management; Environmental Management; Safety
Palmarozzo, Ashley, Michael W. Toffel, and Melissa Ouellet. "Managing Remote Work Quality: Evidence from Auditing Management Systems Standards." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-002, July 2023. (Revised February 2025.)