Valuation Multiples - Publications - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School

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July 2017 (Revised January 2020)
Background Note

Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry

By: Victoria Ivashina and Henrik Boe

This note explores the mechanics of multiples, different types of multiples, when and how to use them, and common pitfalls associated with multiples valuation. While a multiples approach is a very convenient valuation method, breaking down the underlying assumptions... View Details

Keywords: Valuation Methods; Multiples; Private Equity; Valuation; Measurement and Metrics

February 2006 (Revised October 2006)
Background Note

Introduction to Valuation Multiples

By: Robin Greenwood and Lucy White

Outlines the definition and applicability of financial multiples and their relationship to discounted cash flow analysis. View Details

Keywords: Cash Flow; Valuation

December 2023
Case

The Valuation Multiple Detective

By: Jonas Heese, Paul M. Healy and Pietro Bonetti

October 2005 (Revised January 2009)
Background Note

Corporate Valuation and Market Multiples

By: Timothy A. Luehrman

Provides a basic introduction to the use of market multiples for business valuation. Explains the method's reliance on the Law of One Price, sets forth the basic steps for using the method, and reviews some practical issues arising in its application. View Details

Keywords: Business Ventures; Price; Market Transactions; Mathematical Methods; Valuation

2024
Working Paper

Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising

By: Brian K. Baik

I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g.,... View Details

Keywords: Private Equity; Institutional Investors; Valuation Multiples; Earnings Management; Private Firms; Valuation; Investment Funds

October 2014 (Revised October 2014)
Case

Valuation Ratios in the Airline Industry, 2013

By: Paul M. Healy and Penelope Rossano

Examines factors underlying differences in valuation multiples (price-to-earnings and price-to-book) across four firms in the airline industry. View Details

Keywords: Airline Industry; Multiples; Valuation; Accounting; Air Transportation Industry

March 2001
Background Note

Real Options Valuation when Multiple Sources of Uncertainty Exist

This case describes how multiple sources of uncertainty can be incorporated into a real-options-based analysis. It works through an example of a two-stage problem where a company has both an option to explore and an option to develop oil reserves. View Details

Keywords: Risk and Uncertainty; Opportunities; Valuation

April 2003 (Revised May 2003)
Case

Valuation Ratios in the Airline Industry

By: Paul M. Healy, Krishna G. Palepu and Jonathan Barnett

Four firms in the airline industry illustrate the underlying differences in valuation multiples (price-earnings and price-to-book). View Details

Keywords: Valuation; Activity Based Costing and Management; Accounting Audits; Air Transportation Industry

January 2004 (Revised March 2005)
Case

Valuation Ratios in the Restaurant Industry

By: Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu

Examines factors underlying differences in valuation multiples (price-earnings and price-to-book) across four firms in the restaurant industry. View Details

Keywords: Business Earnings; Valuation; Mathematical Methods; Food and Beverage Industry

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March 2002 (Revised April 2002)
Background Note

A Note on Pre-Money and Post-Money Valuation (B)

A brief introduction to the calculations inherent in pre-money and post-money valuations at multiple stages of financing. Relies on one example to illustrate that valuations can be calculated in a variety of ways, depending on the information provided. A rewritten... View Details

Keywords: Valuation; Financing and Loans

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April 2001 (Revised April 2002)
Background Note

Note on Pre-Money and Post-Money Valuation (A &B), A

Provides a brief introduction to calculations inherent in pre-money and post-money evaluations at multiple stages of financing. Relies on three different examples to illustrate how valuations can be calculated depending on the information provided. View Details

Keywords: Information; Valuation; Financing and Loans

May 2002
Background Note

Project Valuation in Emerging Markets

Reviews the issues managers face when attempting to value projects abroad. These include dealing with multiple currencies, adjusting for country and industry risk, and considering expropriation and devaluation risk. View Details

Keywords: Valuation; Emerging Markets; Projects

March 2002 (Revised April 2002)
Background Note

A Note on Pre-Money and Post-Money Valuation (A)

A brief introduction to the calculations inherent in pre-money and post-money valuations at multiple stages of financing. Relies on two different examples to illustrate that valuations can be calculated in a variety of ways, depending on the information provided. A... View Details

Keywords: Valuation; Financing and Loans

2021
Working Paper

Connecting Expected Stock Returns to Accounting Valuation Multiples: A Primer

By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang

We outline a framework in which accounting “valuation anchors" could be connected to expected stock returns. Under two general conditions, expected log returns is a log-linear function of a valuation (market value-to-accounting) multiple and the expected growth in the... View Details

Keywords: Expected Returns; Present Value; Investment Return; Accounting; Valuation; Information; Framework

fall 2000
Article

What Determines Comparability When Valuing Firms with Multiples

Keywords: Valuation; Business Ventures

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August 2000 (Revised July 2001)
Case

Laura Martin: Real Options and the Cable Industry

By: Mihir A. Desai and Peter Tufano

CSFB equity research analyst Laura Martin publishes a report on valuing Cox Communications that introduces an innovative approach to valuation. She contends that EBITDA multiple analysis, typical for the cable industry, is flawed because it overlooks the value of the... View Details

Keywords: Valuation; Innovation and Invention; Telecommunications Industry

February 2001 (Revised April 2001)
Background Note

Note on Valuing Private Businesses

By: Dwight B. Crane and Indra Reinbergs

This case provides a brief overview of valuation for owners of closely held companies. The focus is on a comparable transactions approach, although rules of thumb and discounted cash flow are mentioned. Earnings multiples and their drivers are discussed. It uses... View Details

Keywords: Earnings Management; Finance; Cash Flow; Analytics and Data Science; Private Ownership; Valuation

January 2018
Supplement

OldTown Berhad

By: Benjamin C. Esty and Greg Saldutte

In December 2017, Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE, a Dutch coffee company) made an offer to acquire OldTown Berhad (OTB), a Malaysian coffee company. Three large shareholders, representing more than half of the outstanding shares, have agreed to tender their shares and... View Details

August 1996
Exercise

Exercises in Negotiation Analysis

Two exercises designed to illustrate the relationship between BATNAs (best alternative to a negotiated agreement) and reservation prices and three exercises that illustrate the central ideas of Pareto efficiency are presented. The BATNA exercises involve multiple... View Details

Keywords: Negotiation

January 2018
Case

OldTown Berhad

By: Benjamin C. Esty and Greg Saldutte

In December 2017, Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE, a Dutch coffee company) made an offer to acquire OldTown Berhad (OTB), a Malaysian coffee company. Three large shareholders, representing more than half of the outstanding shares, have agreed to tender their shares, and... View Details

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