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- May 1995 (Revised October 1995)
- Background Note
Introduction to Cash Flow Valuation Methods
Provides an introduction to three cash flow valuation methods. The three methods differ in their measure of cash flows and the discount rate applied to those cash flows. The names for the three methods correspond to the type of cash flow that is used in the valuation:... View Details
Ruback, Richard S. "Introduction to Cash Flow Valuation Methods." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-155, May 1995. (Revised October 1995.)
- July 2017 (Revised January 2020)
- Background Note
Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry
By: Victoria Ivashina and Henrik Boe
This note explores the mechanics of multiples, different types of multiples, when and how to use them, and common pitfalls associated with multiples valuation. While a multiples approach is a very convenient valuation method, breaking down the underlying assumptions... View Details
Ivashina, Victoria, and Henrik Boe. "Primer on Multiples Valuation and Its Use in the Private Equity Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 218-017, July 2017. (Revised January 2020.)
- October 1995
- Exercise
Venture Capital Method - Valuation Problem Set
By: William A. Sahlman and Andrew S. Janower
Presents a short problem set designed as an introduction to the venture capital method of problem solving. View Details
Sahlman, William A., and Andrew S. Janower. "Venture Capital Method - Valuation Problem Set." Harvard Business School Exercise 396-090, October 1995.
- June 2005 (Revised November 2006)
- Background Note
Valuation Methods and Discount Rate Issues: A Comprehensive Example
By: Marc L. Bertoneche and Fausto Federicic
Presents a comprehensive review of the valuation methods based on discounting cash flows or value creation metrics and shows, through simple example and a straightforward "how-to-do" framework, the perfect consistency and identity of their results under similar... View Details
Keywords: Valuation
Bertoneche, Marc L., and Fausto Federicic. "Valuation Methods and Discount Rate Issues: A Comprehensive Example." Harvard Business School Background Note 205-116, June 2005. (Revised November 2006.)
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (B): The Equity Cash Flow Method of Valuation using CAPM
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains how to implement the changing cost of equity method using the CAPM. View Details
Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Forecasting and Prediction; Cash Flow; Cost of Capital; Equity; Valuation
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (B): The Equity Cash Flow Method of Valuation using CAPM." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-005, July 2001.
- July 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation
Explains the equity cash flow method of valuation as it applies to leveraged buyouts. Also explains: 1) earnings and cash flow forecasts, 2) debt structure and the cash sweep, 3) the cashing out horizon and terminal valuation, and 4) the target IRR method of valuation. View Details
Keywords: Valuation; Leveraged Buyouts; Capital Budgeting; Borrowing and Debt; Cash Flow; Equity; Profit; Price; Forecasting and Prediction
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on LBO Valuation (A): LBO Structure and the Target IRR Method of Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-004, July 2001.
- March 2001
- Background Note
Valuing the Option Component of Debt and Its Relevance to DCF-Based Valuation Methods
The flows-to-equity or equity cash flows valuation method is a discounted cash flow method used to estimate the equity portion of the capital structure. It is closely related to the venture capital/buyout valuation method, which estimates the IRR of the stream of cash... View Details
Meulbroek, Lisa K. "Valuing the Option Component of Debt and Its Relevance to DCF-Based Valuation Methods." Harvard Business School Background Note 201-110, March 2001.
- December 2000
- Background Note
Intellectual Asset Valuation
By: Lynda M. Applegate and Gavin Clarkson
Discusses the shortcomings of the current "rules of thumb" for intellectual asset valuation in the context of intellectual property licensing transactions. As an alternative to the present scheme, this note proposes quantitative methods for such valuations in order to... View Details
Applegate, Lynda M., and Gavin Clarkson. "Intellectual Asset Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 801-192, December 2000.
- August 2020
- Technical Note
Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity
Ivashina, Victoria. "Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Valuation Methods and Their Application in Private Equity." Harvard Business School Technical Note 221-012, August 2020.
- February 2018 (Revised October 2019)
- Technical Note
The Art and Science of Brand Valuation
By: Jill Avery
Brand valuation, the art and science of calculating the economic value accruing to a firm from its use of an intangible brand asset, yields frustratingly inconsistent, discrepant, and, therefore, controversial results. While it is widely accepted that brands are... View Details
Keywords: Brand Valuation; Brand Value; Brand; Brand Management; Marketing ROI; Brand Equity; Analytics; Return On Investment; Brands and Branding; Valuation; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Investment Return; Consumer Behavior; Advertising Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Apparel and Accessories Industry; Auto Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Electronics Industry; Fashion Industry; Food and Beverage Industry
Avery, Jill. "The Art and Science of Brand Valuation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 518-086, February 2018. (Revised October 2019.)
- Research Summary
Valuation Theory and Practice
Timothy A. Luehrman's primary research interest is in the application of valuation methods to companies, businesses, and individual assets. Some of his work involves applications of tools originally developed for valuing derivative securities to the valuation of other... View Details
- January 1998 (Revised January 1999)
- Background Note
A Note on Valuation in Entrepreneurial Ventures
By: Paul A. Gompers
Discusses various valuation methodologies for analyzing entrepreneurial firms. Gives a description of the methodologies and describes when each method is appropriate. View Details
Gompers, Paul A. "A Note on Valuation in Entrepreneurial Ventures." Harvard Business School Background Note 298-082, January 1998. (Revised January 1999.)
- Article
Valuation of Bankrupt Firms
By: S. C. Gilson, E. S. Hotchkiss and R. S. Ruback
This study compares the market value of firms that reorganize in bankruptcy with estimates of value based on management's published cash flow projections. We estimate firm values using models that have been shown in other contexts to generate relatively precise... View Details
Gilson, S. C., E. S. Hotchkiss, and R. S. Ruback. "Valuation of Bankrupt Firms." Review of Financial Studies 13, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 43–74. (Abridged version reprinted in The Journal of Corporate Renewal 13, no. 7 (July 2000))
- January 2004 (Revised March 2005)
- Case
Valuation Ratios in the Restaurant Industry
By: Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu
Examines factors underlying differences in valuation multiples (price-earnings and price-to-book) across four firms in the restaurant industry. View Details
Healy, Paul M., and Krishna G. Palepu. "Valuation Ratios in the Restaurant Industry." Harvard Business School Case 104-066, January 2004. (Revised March 2005.)
- 24 Nov 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
Valuation When Cash Flow Forecasts Are Biased
Keywords: by Richard S. Ruback
- November 1994 (Revised January 1995)
- Background Note
A Note on Capital Cash Flow Valuation
Presents the capital cash flow method for valuing risky cash flows. In this method cash flows are calculated to include the benefits of interest tax shields. In a capital structure, with just ordinary debt and common equity, capital cash flows equal the flows available... View Details
Ruback, Richard S. "A Note on Capital Cash Flow Valuation." Harvard Business School Background Note 295-069, November 1994. (Revised January 1995.)
- January 2003 (Revised February 2011)
- Tool
Business Analysis and Valuation Model (Version 5)
By: Paul M. Healy, Krishna G. Palepu and Jonathan Barnett
Once you enter company financial statements, this software enables you to standardize them to a common format, make any needed adjustments to the company's accounting, and make assumptions about the company's future performance. The model then provides financial ratios... View Details
- Article
Valuation Waves and Merger Activity: The Empirical Evidence
By: Matthew Rhodes-Kropf, David Robinson and S. Viswanathan
To test recent theories suggesting that valuation errors affect merger activity, we develop a decomposition that breaks the market-to-book ratio (M/B) into three components: the firm-specific pricing deviation from short-run industry pricing; sector-wide, short-run... View Details
Rhodes-Kropf, Matthew, David Robinson, and S. Viswanathan. "Valuation Waves and Merger Activity: The Empirical Evidence." Journal of Financial Economics 77, no. 3 (September 2005): 561–603.
- October 2005 (Revised January 2009)
- Background Note
Corporate Valuation and Market Multiples
By: Timothy A. Luehrman
Provides a basic introduction to the use of market multiples for business valuation. Explains the method's reliance on the Law of One Price, sets forth the basic steps for using the method, and reviews some practical issues arising in its application. View Details
Luehrman, Timothy A. "Corporate Valuation and Market Multiples." Harvard Business School Background Note 206-039, October 2005. (Revised January 2009.)
- June 1998
- Background Note
Note on Alternative Methods for Estimating Terminal Value
Reviews basic techniques for estimating terminal value in the valuation of businesses. Among the techniques discussed are perpetuities, growing perpetuities, use of multiples, and liquidation value. A rewritten version of an earlier note. View Details
Fruhan, William E., Jr. "Note on Alternative Methods for Estimating Terminal Value." Harvard Business School Background Note 298-166, June 1998.