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      • July–August 2025
      • Article

      How to Identify the Perfect Cofounder

      By: Julia Austin
      One of the first and most important decisions entrepreneurs make is whether to go it alone or bring on cofounders. Many investors favor startups with multiple founders, believing that a team reduces business risk by diversifying skills, sharing responsibilities, and... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Business Startups; Partners and Partnerships; Experience and Expertise
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      Austin, Julia. "How to Identify the Perfect Cofounder." Harvard Business Review 103, no. 4 (July–August 2025): 108–117.
      • September 24, 2024
      • Article

      4 Steps That Can Optimize Your Sales Process

      By: Frank V. Cespedes, Scott Peterson and Daniel Weinfurter
      Sales is a performance art where outcomes matter, so most advice here focuses on closing the sale. But a close is the result of actions and choices that occur earlier in the process: how much time and effort to spend on customer discovery (understanding what and to... View Details
      Keywords: Sales; Customer Satisfaction; Growth and Development Strategy; Competitive Advantage
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      Cespedes, Frank V., Scott Peterson, and Daniel Weinfurter. "4 Steps That Can Optimize Your Sales Process." Harvard Business Review (website) (September 24, 2024).
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal…and What to Do about It

      By: Malcolm S. Salter
      What are we to do about declining public trust and confidence in democratic capitalism, which many citizens consider a cornerstone of our national ideology and identity? While the answer is not entirely clear, I argue in this essay that any effort aimed at restoring... View Details
      Keywords: Government Administration; Economic Systems; Trust; United States
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      Salter, Malcolm S. "The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal…and What to Do about It." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-062, March 2024.
      • 2024
      • Conference Paper

      Quantifying Uncertainty in Natural Language Explanations of Large Language Models

      By: Himabindu Lakkaraju, Sree Harsha Tanneru and Chirag Agarwal
      Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as powerful tools for several high-stakes natural language processing (NLP) applications. Recent prompting works claim to elicit intermediate reasoning steps and key tokens that serve as proxy explanations for LLM... View Details
      Keywords: Large Language Model; AI and Machine Learning
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      Lakkaraju, Himabindu, Sree Harsha Tanneru, and Chirag Agarwal. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Natural Language Explanations of Large Language Models." Paper presented at the Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 2024.
      • 18 Jul 2023
      • Interview

      Jeffrey Rayport on Product Market Fit, Profit Market Fit and Whiplash, and More

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport and Doug Levin
      This episode of "Lessons from Startup Life" podcast features Jeffrey Rayport, Senior Lecturer of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. Jeffrey specializes in teaching and researching growth-stage technology ventures and their scalability. Prior to... View Details
      Keywords: Scaling And Growth; Start-up; Diversity; Equity; Inclusion; Technology; Business Startups; Product Marketing; Business Growth and Maturation
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      "Jeffrey Rayport on Product Market Fit, Profit Market Fit and Whiplash, and More." Lessons from a Startup Life (podcast), July 18, 2023.
      • October 26, 2022
      • Article

      Climate Risk Is Growing. Is Your Company Prepared?

      By: John D. Macomber
      Most people don’t have a strategy for how to handle the worsening perils of flooding, wildfires and extreme heat. They should adopt a four-step process for protecting their property, whether it be a home or a business. First, they should prioritize how important... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Risk; Climate Change; Risk Management; Crisis Management; Insurance
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      Macomber, John D. "Climate Risk Is Growing. Is Your Company Prepared?" Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (October 26, 2022).
      • August 2022
      • Case

      One Tiger Per Mountain: The He Family Office

      By: Lauren Cohen, Fei Wu and Grace Headinger
      Roy He, founder and majority shareholder of his family construction material production company, was preparing to pass down the family business through its first generational handover to his children. His decision would establish his familial legacy and set a precedent... View Details
      Keywords: Governance Structure; Family Business; Family Ownership; Strategic Planning; Family and Family Relationships; Leadership; Construction Industry; Canton (city, China); Canton (province, China); China
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      Cohen, Lauren, Fei Wu, and Grace Headinger. "One Tiger Per Mountain: The He Family Office." Harvard Business School Case 223-001, August 2022.
      • 2022
      • Article

      Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs of MRI-Guided Prostate Brachytherapy Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing

      By: Nikhil G. Thaker, Rajat J. Kudchadker, James R. Incalcaterra, Tharakeswara K. Bathala, Robert S. Kaplan, Ankit Agarwal, Deborah A. Kuban, Benjamin D. Frank, Prajnan Das, Thomas W. Feeley and Steven J. Frank
      Integrated quality improvement (QI) and cost reduction strategies can help increase value in cancer care. We applied standard QI and TDABC methods to improve workflow efficiency and reduce costs for MRI-guided prostate brachytherapy. We constructed process maps,... View Details
      Keywords: Brachytherapy; Quality Improvement; Prostate; Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing; Cost Accounting; Health Care and Treatment; Performance Efficiency; Health Industry
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      Thaker, Nikhil G., Rajat J. Kudchadker, James R. Incalcaterra, Tharakeswara K. Bathala, Robert S. Kaplan, Ankit Agarwal, Deborah A. Kuban, Benjamin D. Frank, Prajnan Das, Thomas W. Feeley, and Steven J. Frank. "Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs of MRI-Guided Prostate Brachytherapy Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing." Brachytherapy 21, no. 1 (2022): 49–54.
      • December 2021 (Revised January 2023)
      • Supplement

      Katerra (B)

      By: Lindsay N. Hyde, Thomas R. Eisenmann and Tom Quinn
      In May 2020, SoftBank executives, having invested nearly $2 billion in Katerra, decided the vision of an end-to-end, vertically-integrated construction process was worth saving—with some major changes to company structure. The SoftBank Vision Fund invested $200 million... View Details
      Keywords: Business Startups; Failure; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Entrepreneurship; Construction; Real Estate Industry; Construction Industry; Technology Industry; United States
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      Hyde, Lindsay N., Thomas R. Eisenmann, and Tom Quinn. "Katerra (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 822-025, December 2021. (Revised January 2023.)
      • November 15, 2021
      • Article

      Putting Your Corporate Purpose to Work

      By: Hubert Joly
      Making a company purpose come to life is an arduous journey that requires a multi-pronged and sustained approach. Yet as hard as it is, the journey is well worth it and will yield positive transformation not only for the company, but also for the people who work there.... View Details
      Keywords: Organizations; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Strategy; Management Practices and Processes; Organizational Culture; Business and Stakeholder Relations
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      Joly, Hubert. "Putting Your Corporate Purpose to Work." Harvard Business Review (website) (November 15, 2021).
      • November 2021
      • Article

      Determining Variable Costs in the Acute Urolithiasis Cycle of Care Through Time-driven Activity-based Costing

      By: Tyler R. McClintock, David F. Friedlander, Aiden Y. Feng, Mahek A. Shah, Daniel J. Pallin, Steven L. Chang, Angela M. Bader, Thomas W. Feeley, Robert S. Kaplan and George E. Haleblian
      Objective. To characterize full cycle of care costs for managing an acute ureteral stone using time-driven activity-based costing.
      Methods. We defined all phases of care for patients presenting with an acute ureteral stone and built an... View Details
      Keywords: Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing; Health Care and Treatment; Cost; Activity Based Costing and Management
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      McClintock, Tyler R., David F. Friedlander, Aiden Y. Feng, Mahek A. Shah, Daniel J. Pallin, Steven L. Chang, Angela M. Bader, Thomas W. Feeley, Robert S. Kaplan, and George E. Haleblian. "Determining Variable Costs in the Acute Urolithiasis Cycle of Care Through Time-driven Activity-based Costing." Urology 157 (November 2021): 107–113.
      • August 2021 (Revised November 2021)
      • Case

      The NCB Capital Turnaround: Waking the Sleeping Giant

      By: Sandra J. Sucher, Gamze Yucaoglu, Shalene Gupta and Fares Khrais
      The case opens in 2019, five years after, Sarah Al Suhaimi, CEO of NCB Capital (NCBC), the investment arm of Saudi’s largest bank, NCB, took the helm. Having successfully turned the business to make it the market leader, she was contemplating her next steps as... View Details
      Keywords: Turnaround; Investment Banking; Financial Institutions; Change Management; Leadership; Business Model; Strategy; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Management Teams; Asset Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Saudi Arabia
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      Sucher, Sandra J., Gamze Yucaoglu, Shalene Gupta, and Fares Khrais. "The NCB Capital Turnaround: Waking the Sleeping Giant." Harvard Business School Case 322-043, August 2021. (Revised November 2021.)
      • May 2021 (Revised September 2021)
      • Case

      CPE and SUS Environmental: You've Got to Know When to Hold 'Em (A)

      By: Josh Lerner and Franko Jira
      In July 2016, Di Yang and Grace Guo of the leading Chinese private equity group CPE faced a dilemma—a happy dilemma, but a challenge nonetheless. CPE’s investment in the waste-to-energy firm SUS Environment had proved to be exceedingly successful. This success had... View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Private Equity; Financial Liquidity; Investment Return; Growth and Development
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      Lerner, Josh, and Franko Jira. "CPE and SUS Environmental: You've Got to Know When to Hold 'Em (A)." Harvard Business School Case 821-085, May 2021. (Revised September 2021.)
      • February 2021
      • Case

      Digital Manufacturing at Amgen

      By: Shane Greenstein, Kyle R. Myers and Sarah Mehta
      This case discusses efforts made by biotechnology (biotech) company Amgen to introduce digital technologies into its manufacturing processes. Doing so is complicated by the fact that the process for manufacturing biologics—or therapeutics made from living cells—is... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Technologies; Change; Change Management; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Decisions; Information; Analytics and Data Science; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Jobs and Positions; Knowledge; Leadership; Organizational Culture; Science; Strategy; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Biotechnology Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry; United States; California; Puerto Rico; Rhode Island
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      Greenstein, Shane, Kyle R. Myers, and Sarah Mehta. "Digital Manufacturing at Amgen." Harvard Business School Case 621-008, February 2021.
      • Article

      Reflections: Toward a Normative and Actionable Theory of Planned Organizational Change and Development

      By: Michael Beer
      A normative and actionable theory of planned organizational change and development is proposed based on fifty years of engagement by the author as a scholar-consultant. Five principles are central features of the theory and practice proposed: 1) Organizations are... View Details
      Keywords: Consultant; Process; Systems; Silence; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Leadership; Learning; Management Teams
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      Beer, Michael. "Reflections: Toward a Normative and Actionable Theory of Planned Organizational Change and Development." Journal of Change Management 21, no. 1 (2021).
      • October 2020
      • Case

      TowerBrook: ESG in Action (A)

      By: Victoria Ivashina, Brian Trelstad and Meaghan Conway
      This case is the first of a two-part series that follows Ramez Sousou and his team at TowerBrook Capital Partners as they face a challenging investment decision in February of 2013. Since its founding, TowerBrook has prided itself on its purpose-driven investing... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Finance; Private Equity; Corporate Governance; Value Creation; Investment; Decision Making
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      Ivashina, Victoria, Brian Trelstad, and Meaghan Conway. "TowerBrook: ESG in Action (A)." Harvard Business School Case 221-045, October 2020.
      • February 2020
      • Case

      Leading Change in Talent at L'Oréal

      By: Lakshmi Ramarajan, Vincent Dessain and Emer Moloney
      Jean-Claude Le Grand just stepped into a new role as Executive Vice-President for Human Resources at the global cosmetics company, L’Oréal. He is now responsible for the hiring, development, promotion, and retention of 83,000 employees worldwide. The highly successful... View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Business Headquarters; Business Divisions; Business Organization; Change; Change Management; Transformation; Competency and Skills; Experience and Expertise; Talent and Talent Management; Demographics; Diversity; Gender; Nationality; Multinational Firms and Management; Human Resources; Employees; Recruitment; Retention; Selection and Staffing; Innovation and Management; Jobs and Positions; Employment; Human Capital; Leadership; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Management Practices and Processes; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Product Marketing; Organizations; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Personal Development and Career; Planning; Strategic Planning; Problems and Challenges; Networks; Social Psychology; Attitudes; Power and Influence; Social and Collaborative Networks; Business Strategy; Advertising Industry; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Consumer Products Industry; France; Paris
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      Ramarajan, Lakshmi, Vincent Dessain, and Emer Moloney. "Leading Change in Talent at L'Oréal." Harvard Business School Case 420-106, February 2020.
      • 2020
      • Article

      Subjective Semantic Surprise Resulting from Divided Attention Biases Evaluations of an Idea’s Creativity

      By: Goran Calic, Nour El Shamy, Isaac Kinley, Scott Watter and Khaled Hassanein
      The evaluation of an idea’s creativity constitutes an important step in successfully responding to an unexpected problem with a new solution. Yet, distractions compete for cognitive resources with the evaluation process and may change how individuals evaluate ideas. In... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; Cognition and Thinking
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      Calic, Goran, Nour El Shamy, Isaac Kinley, Scott Watter, and Khaled Hassanein. "Subjective Semantic Surprise Resulting from Divided Attention Biases Evaluations of an Idea’s Creativity." Scientific Reports 10 (2020).
      • January 2020
      • Teaching Note

      How to Encourage Others to Give and When to Pass the Torch? Insights from The Philanthropy Connection

      By: Christine Exley and Kathleen McGinn
      This case follows the co-founder and president, Marla Felcher, of The Philanthropy Connection (TPC). TPC is a nonprofit organization that centers around collective giving: members of TPC make an annual contribution that is then distributed to select nonprofit... View Details
      Keywords: Giving And Philanthropy; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Motivation and Incentives; Nonprofit Organizations
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      Exley, Christine, and Kathleen McGinn. "How to Encourage Others to Give and When to Pass the Torch? Insights from The Philanthropy Connection." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 920-046, January 2020.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 16 Capturing Value by Controlling Bottlenecks in Open Platform Systems

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the means by which firms capture value in open platform systems. I begin by arguing that the surplus value created by complementarities within a technical system will be split among the owners of the unique and essential... View Details
      Keywords: Open Platforms; Bottlenecks; Flow Production; Value Capture; Disintermediation; Production; Management; Digital Platforms
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 16 Capturing Value by Controlling Bottlenecks in Open Platform Systems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-054, November 2019.
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