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- All HBS Web
(837)
- News (147)
- Research (545)
- Events (13)
- Multimedia (3)
- Faculty Publications (280)
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- Article
Research: The Cost of a Single U.S. Immigration Restriction
By: Dany Bahar, Prithwiraj Choudhury and Britta Glennon
On June 22, 2020, President Trump passed an Executive Order drastically cutting the number of highly skilled international workers eligible for non-immigrant visas to the U.S. To quantify the impact of this policy, the authors examined the immediate change in stock... View Details
Keywords: Work Visas; H1-B; Restriction; Impact; Immigration; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Cost; Economy
Bahar, Dany, Prithwiraj Choudhury, and Britta Glennon. "Research: The Cost of a Single U.S. Immigration Restriction." Harvard Business Review (website) (January 22, 2021).
- February 2025
- Article
Estimating Models of Supply and Demand: Instruments and Covariance Restrictions
By: Alexander MacKay and Nathan H. Miller
We consider the identification of empirical models of supply and demand with imperfect competition. We show that a restriction on the covariance between unobserved demand and cost shocks can resolve endogeneity and identify the price parameter. We demonstrate how to... View Details
Keywords: Demand Estimation; Identification; Endogeneity Bias; Covariance Restrictions; Ordinary Least Squares; Instrumental Variables; Price; Demand and Consumers; Competition
MacKay, Alexander, and Nathan H. Miller. "Estimating Models of Supply and Demand: Instruments and Covariance Restrictions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 71, no. 1 (February 2025): 238–281. (Direct download.)
- March 2009
- Article
Trading Restrictions and Stock Prices
By: Robin Greenwood
Firms can manipulate their stock price by limiting the ability of their investors to sell. I examine a series of corporate events in Japan in which firms actively reduced their float—the fraction of shares available to trade—for periods of one to three months, locking... View Details
Greenwood, Robin. "Trading Restrictions and Stock Prices." Review of Financial Studies 22, no. 3 (March 2009): 509–539.
- March 2022
- Article
Contractual Restrictions and Debt Traps
By: Ernest Liu and Benjamin N. Roth
Microcredit and other forms of small-scale finance have failed to catalyze entrepreneurship in developing countries. In these credit markets, borrowers and lenders often bargain over not only the interest rate but also implicit restrictions on types of investment. We... View Details
Liu, Ernest, and Benjamin N. Roth. "Contractual Restrictions and Debt Traps." Review of Financial Studies 35, no. 3 (March 2022): 1141–1182.
- 14 Apr 2020
- Working Paper Summaries
Contractual Restrictions and Debt Traps
- 08 Nov 2022
- Research & Ideas
How Centuries of Restrictions on Women Shed Light on Today's Abortion Debate
Efforts to restrict women’s sexual behavior date back centuries in virtually every region of the world. Now, the end of Roe v. Wade in the United States has returned such limitations on women to the contemporary spotlight. Yet, the desire... View Details
Keywords: by Kara Baskin
- 15 Dec 2020
- Research & Ideas
The Unspoken Messages of COVID-19 Restrictions
Soaring COVID-19 cases are forcing government officials to confront a critical question: Should they lock down the economy further? Whether to curb activities like indoor dining might seem like a simple choice, but the decision to ease View Details
- July 1987 (Revised January 1993)
- Background Note
Legal Restrictions on Marketing Management, Introduction
Reviews several key areas in the marketing manager's legal environment and is organized around the marketing mix variables. In the pricing section it covers price fixing, resale price maintenance, discriminatory pricing, and predatory pricing. In the distribution... View Details
Kaufmann, Patrick J. "Legal Restrictions on Marketing Management, Introduction." Harvard Business School Background Note 588-009, July 1987. (Revised January 1993.)
- Fall 2014
- Article
Price Restrictions in Multi-sided Platforms: Practices and Responses
By: Benjamin Edelman and Julian Wright
In connecting buyers to sellers, some two-sided platforms require that sellers offer their lowest prices through the platform, disallowing lower prices for direct sales or sales through competing platforms. In this article, we explore the various contexts where such... View Details
Edelman, Benjamin, and Julian Wright. "Price Restrictions in Multi-sided Platforms: Practices and Responses." Competition Policy International 10, no. 2 (Fall 2014).
- July 2003
- Article
Fair Value Accounting For Restricted Stock Awards
By: David Hawkins
Keywords: Fair Value Accounting
Hawkins, David. "Fair Value Accounting For Restricted Stock Awards." Accounting Bulletin, no. 122 (July 2003).
- 2013
- Working Paper
Competing by Restricting Choice: The Case of Search Platforms
By: Hanna Halaburda and Mikolaj Jan Piskorski
Seminal papers recommend that platforms in two-sided markets increase the number of complements available. We show that a two-sided platform can successfully compete by limiting the choice of potential matches it offers to its customers while charging higher prices... View Details
Keywords: Matching Platform; Indirect Network Effects; Limits To Network Effects; Decision Choices and Conditions; Network Effects; Two-Sided Platforms; Marketplace Matching; Competitive Strategy
Halaburda, Hanna, and Mikolaj Jan Piskorski. "Competing by Restricting Choice: The Case of Search Platforms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-098, May 2010. (Revised June 2010, March 2011, August 2011, March 2013.)
- Winter 2022
- Article
Determinants of Small Business Reopening Decisions After COVID Restrictions Were Lifted
By: Dylan Balla-Elliott, Zoë B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca and Christopher Stanton
The COVID-19 pandemic led to dramatic economic disruptions, including government-imposed restrictions that temporarily shuttered millions of American businesses. We use a nation-wide survey of thousands of small business owners to establish three main facts about... View Details
Keywords: COVID-19; Demand Forecasting; Reopening; Health Pandemics; Government Administration; Small Business
Balla-Elliott, Dylan, Zoë B. Cullen, Edward L. Glaeser, Michael Luca, and Christopher Stanton. "Determinants of Small Business Reopening Decisions After COVID Restrictions Were Lifted." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 41, no. 1 (Winter 2022): 278–317.
- 12 May 2016
- Research & Ideas
When Mass Shootings Lead to Looser Gun Restrictions
restrictions by 75 percent. In Democrat-controlled legislatures, mass shootings have no statistically significant effect on laws enacted. Between 1990 and 2014, there were 20,409 firearm-related bills proposed in state legislatures across... View Details
Keywords: by Carmen Nobel
- August 1978 (Revised October 1978)
- Background Note
Legal Issues in Distribution Strategy (I): Vertical Restrictions on Distributors
Cady, John F. "Legal Issues in Distribution Strategy (I): Vertical Restrictions on Distributors." Harvard Business School Background Note 579-008, August 1978. (Revised October 1978.)
- March 2004 (Revised August 2004)
- Case
Restricting Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value in Texas Public Schools
By: Ray A. Goldberg and Hal Hogan
The Commission of Agriculture in Texas wants to improve the nutritional quality of the school lunch program to help fight obesity in students. It needs the cooperation of the soft drink industry to change their products and the manner in which they provide financial... View Details
Keywords: Government and Politics; Business and Government Relations; Nutrition; Food; Quality; Education; Education Industry
Goldberg, Ray A., and Hal Hogan. "Restricting Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value in Texas Public Schools." Harvard Business School Case 904-420, March 2004. (Revised August 2004.)
- Article
Determining Our Destiny: Do Restrictions to Collective Autonomy Fuel Collective Action?
By: Frank J. Kachanoff, Nour Kteily, Thomas H. Khullar, Hyun Joon Park and Donald M. Taylor
Kachanoff, Frank J., Nour Kteily, Thomas H. Khullar, Hyun Joon Park, and Donald M. Taylor. "Determining Our Destiny: Do Restrictions to Collective Autonomy Fuel Collective Action?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 3 (September 2020): 600–632.
- November 2001 (Revised February 2002)
- Background Note
Note on Tax and Accounting Treatment of Restricted Stock Awards, Nonqualified Stock Options, and Incentive Stock Options and the Securities Law Applicable Thereto
Outlines the tax and accounting treatment of restricted stock awards, nonqualified stock options, and incentive stock options, including the effect of making a Section 83(b) election for unvested stock. View Details
Bagley, Constance E. "Note on Tax and Accounting Treatment of Restricted Stock Awards, Nonqualified Stock Options, and Incentive Stock Options and the Securities Law Applicable Thereto." Harvard Business School Background Note 802-125, November 2001. (Revised February 2002.)
- 2023
- Editorial
American and Chinese Universities Must Reject Calls to Disengage: Restrictions on Entry of Scholars Will Set Back U.S. Advances
By: William C. Kirby
Keywords: Higher Education; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Competition; China; United States
Kirby, William C. "American and Chinese Universities Must Reject Calls to Disengage: Restrictions on Entry of Scholars Will Set Back U.S. Advances." Nikkei Asia (2023).
- 2024
- Working Paper
The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal…and What to Do about It
What are we to do about declining public trust and confidence in democratic capitalism, which many citizens consider a cornerstone of our national ideology and identity? While the answer is not entirely clear, I argue in this essay that any effort aimed at restoring... View Details
Salter, Malcolm S. "The Fading Light of Democratic Capitalism: How Pervasive Cronyism and Restricted Suffrage Are Destroying Democratic Capitalism as a National Ideal…and What to Do about It." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-062, March 2024.