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- All HBS Web
(393)
- News (75)
- Research (214)
- Events (3)
- Multimedia (1)
- Faculty Publications (120)
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- February 2024
- Article
Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials
By: Marcella Alsan, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein and Heidi L. Williams
This article examines the consequences and causes of low enrollment of Black patients in clinical
trials. We develop a simple model of similarity-based extrapolation that predicts that evidence is
more relevant for decision-making by physicians and patients when it... View Details
Keywords: Representation; Racial Disparity; Health Testing and Trials; Race; Equality and Inequality; Innovation and Invention; Pharmaceutical Industry
Alsan, Marcella, Maya Durvasula, Harsh Gupta, Joshua Schwartzstein, and Heidi L. Williams. "Representation and Extrapolation: Evidence from Clinical Trials." Quarterly Journal of Economics 139, no. 1 (February 2024): 575–635.
- 2024
- Working Paper
Incrementality Representation Learning: Synergizing Past Experiments for Intervention Personalization
This paper introduces Incrementality Representation Learning (IRL), a novel multitask representation learning framework that predicts heterogeneous causal effects of marketing interventions. By leveraging past experiments, IRL efficiently designs and targets... View Details
Keywords: Heterogeneous Treatment Effect; Multi-task Learning; Representation Learning; Personalization; Promotion; Deep Learning; Field Experiments; Customer Focus and Relationships; Customization and Personalization
Huang, Ta-Wei, Eva Ascarza, and Ayelet Israeli. "Incrementality Representation Learning: Synergizing Past Experiments for Intervention Personalization." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-076, June 2024.
- Article
Behavioral and Neural Representations en route to Intuitive Action Understanding
By: Leyla Tarhan, Julian De Freitas and Talia Konkle
When we observe another person’s actions, we process many kinds of information—from how their body moves to the intention behind their movements. What kinds of information underlie our intuitive understanding about how similar actions are to each other? To address this... View Details
Keywords: Action Perception; Intuitive Similarity; Multi-arrangement; fMRI; Representational Similarity Analysis; Behavior; Perception
Tarhan, Leyla, Julian De Freitas, and Talia Konkle. "Behavioral and Neural Representations en route to Intuitive Action Understanding." Neuropsychologia 163 (December 2021).
- 2025
- Working Paper
Dynamic Personalization with Multiple Customer Signals: Multi-Response State Representation in Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning (RL) offers potential for optimizing sequences of customer interactions by modeling the relationships
between customer states, company actions, and long-term value. However, its practical implementation often faces significant
challenges.... View Details
Keywords: Dynamic Policy; Deep Reinforcement Learning; Representation Learning; Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment; Latent Variable Models; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Value and Value Chain; Foreign Direct Investment; Analytics and Data Science
Ma, Liangzong, Ta-Wei Huang, Eva Ascarza, and Ayelet Israeli. "Dynamic Personalization with Multiple Customer Signals: Multi-Response State Representation in Reinforcement Learning." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-037, February 2025.
- July 1980
- Case
Creating Life Style Representations
Clawson, James G. "Creating Life Style Representations." Harvard Business School Case 481-014, July 1980.
- July 2003
- Article
Probabilistic Representation of Complexity
By: Nabil I Al-Najjar, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Emre Ozdenoren
We study individuals' behavior in an environment that is deterministic, but too complex to permit tractable deterministic representation. Under mild conditions, behavior is represented by a unique probabilistic model in which the agent's inability to think through all... View Details
Al-Najjar, Nabil I., Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Emre Ozdenoren. "Probabilistic Representation of Complexity." Journal of Economic Theory 111, no. 1 (July 2003): 49–87.
- November 2018 (Revised January 2020)
- Technical Note
Democracy: Exit, Voice and Representation
By: Vincent Pons and Marco E. Tabellini
Pons, Vincent, and Marco E. Tabellini. "Democracy: Exit, Voice and Representation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 719-038, November 2018. (Revised January 2020.)
- December 2022
- Article
Two Representations of Information Structures and Their Comparisons
By: Jerry R. Green and Nancy L. Stokey
This paper compares two representations of informativeness. View Details
Green, Jerry R., and Nancy L. Stokey. "Two Representations of Information Structures and Their Comparisons." Decisions in Economics and Finance 45, no. 2 (December 2022): 541–547.
- 01 Dec 1985
- Keynote Speech
Model Management Systems: Proposed Model Representations and Future Designs
By: L. M. Applegate, G. Klein, B. R. Konsynski and J. F. Nunamaker
Keywords: Management Systems
- 2021
- Chapter
Towards a Unified Framework for Fair and Stable Graph Representation Learning
By: Chirag Agarwal, Himabindu Lakkaraju and Marinka Zitnik
As the representations output by Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are increasingly employed in real-world applications, it becomes important to ensure that these representations are fair and stable. In this work, we establish a key connection between counterfactual... View Details
Agarwal, Chirag, Himabindu Lakkaraju, and Marinka Zitnik. "Towards a Unified Framework for Fair and Stable Graph Representation Learning." In Proceedings of the 37th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Cassio de Campos and Marloes H. Maathuis, 2114–2124. AUAI Press, 2021.
- 2009
- Article
Expertise Utilization in Accounting & Consulting Teams: The Effects of Shared Representations
By: Heidi K. Gardner
Why are some teams more effective than others in using their members' knowledge? This paper identifies shared representations as a critical moderator of effective knowledge utilization in teams, revealing how and when teams appropriately draw on their members'... View Details
Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Groups and Teams; Performance Effectiveness
Gardner, Heidi K. "Expertise Utilization in Accounting & Consulting Teams: The Effects of Shared Representations." Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings (2009).
- Research Summary
Firm Performance, Senior Management, and Managerial Representation
While my work on strategic human capital studies how the characteristics of management shape performance, this work in effect focuses on the reverse: how performance shapes a key characteristic of the firm's management
Working with Professor David Thomas,... View Details
- 17 Aug 2018
- News
Worker Representation on Boards Won’t Work Without Trust
- 08 Mar 2022
- Research & Ideas
Representation Matters: Building Case Studies That Empower Women Leaders
Ten years before Harvard Business School published its first case study, activists across Europe celebrated the first International Women’s Day. They demanded, among other things, the right for women to hold public office and an end to employment discrimination. In... View Details
Keywords: by Colleen Ammerman and Boris Groysberg
- 05 Apr 2011
- Working Paper Summaries
The Power of Political Voice: Women’s Political Representation and Crime in India
- Article
The Power of Political Voice: Women's Political Representation and Crime in India
By: Lakshmi Iyer, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra and Petia Topalova
Using state-level variation in the timing of political reforms, we find that an increase in female representation in local government induces a large and significant rise in documented crimes against women in India. Our evidence suggests that this increase is good... View Details
Keywords: Leadership; Crime and Corruption; Rank and Position; Performance Effectiveness; Gender; Government and Politics; India
Iyer, Lakshmi, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra, and Petia Topalova. "The Power of Political Voice: Women's Political Representation and Crime in India." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 165–193.
- April 2025
- Article
The Impact of Minority Representation at Mortgage Lenders
By: W. Scott Frame, Ruidi Huang, Erica Jiang, Yeonjoon Lee, Will Liu, Erik J. Mayer and Adi Sunderam
We study links between the labor market for loan officers and access to mortgage credit. Using novel data matching the (near) universe of mortgage applications to loan officers, we find that minorities are significantly underrepresented among loan officers. Minority... View Details
Keywords: Household Finance; Demographic Economics; Financial Institutions; Diversity; Prejudice and Bias; Mortgages; Personal Finance
Frame, W. Scott, Ruidi Huang, Erica Jiang, Yeonjoon Lee, Will Liu, Erik J. Mayer, and Adi Sunderam. "The Impact of Minority Representation at Mortgage Lenders." Journal of Finance 80, no. 2 (April 2025): 1209–1260.
- 1978
- Working Paper
Two Representations of Information Structures and Their Comparisons
By: Jerry R. Green and Nancy L. Stokey
Green, Jerry R., and Nancy L. Stokey. "Two Representations of Information Structures and Their Comparisons." Working Paper, January 1978.
- 2022
- Working Paper
Product2Vec: Leveraging Representation Learning to Model Consumer Product Choice in Large Assortments
By: Fanglin Chen, Xiao Liu, Davide Proserpio and Isamar Troncoso
We propose a method, Product2Vec, based on representation learning, that can automatically learn latent product attributes that drive consumer choices, to study product-level competition when the number of products is large. We demonstrate Product2Vec’s... View Details
Chen, Fanglin, Xiao Liu, Davide Proserpio, and Isamar Troncoso. "Product2Vec: Leveraging Representation Learning to Model Consumer Product Choice in Large Assortments." NYU Stern School of Business Research Paper Series, July 2022.