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- November 2016 (Revised December 2016)
- Module Note
Strategy Execution Module 12: Aligning Performance Goals and Incentives
By: Robert Simons
This module reading explains how managers use performance goals and incentives to ensure that employee actions align with the overall business strategy of the organization. The module begins by discussing how managers use goals to communicate business strategy, the... View Details
Keywords: Management Control Systems; Implementing Strategy; Execution; Performance Goals; Performance Measures; Incentives; Benchmarks; Motivation; Compensation; Bonuses; Strategy
Simons, Robert. "Strategy Execution Module 12: Aligning Performance Goals and Incentives." Harvard Business School Module Note 117-112, November 2016. (Revised December 2016.)
- Article
Are They Useful? The Effects of Performance Incentives on the Prioritization of Work Versus Personal Ties
By: Julia Hur, Alice Lee-Yoon and Ashley V. Whillans
Most working adults report spending very little time with friends and family. The current research explores the aspects of work that encourage employees to spend less time with personal ties. We show that incentive systems play a critical role in shaping how people... View Details
Keywords: Rewards; Performance Incentives; Social Relationships; Instrumentality; Time Allocation; Performance; Motivation and Incentives; Relationships; Time Management
Hur, Julia, Alice Lee-Yoon, and Ashley V. Whillans. "Are They Useful? The Effects of Performance Incentives on the Prioritization of Work Versus Personal Ties." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 165 (July 2021): 103–114. (Shared Authorship.)
- Research Summary
Performance Measurement and Incentive Alignment
Professor Kulp is interested in how organizations use information to enhance firm performance. The manner in which an organization gathers, analyzes, and uses performance information as part of its internal governance system affects organizational success. Professor... View Details
- 1992
- Book
Performance Measurement, Evaluation, and Incentives
By: W. J. Bruns Jr.
Bruns, W. J., Jr. Performance Measurement, Evaluation, and Incentives. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.
- June 1992
- Article
Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement
By: George P. Baker
Baker, George P. "Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement." Journal of Political Economy (June 1992).
- Research Summary
Performance Management Systems in Healthcare
By: Susanna Gallani
Performance management in healthcare provider organizations presents particular challehges, motivate by historical industry practices, market structures and dynamics, and cultural peculiarities. Through her research studies and case studies, Prof. Gallani explores... View Details
- 2006
- Article
Performance Measure Properties and the Effect of Incentive Contracts
By: J. Bouwens and L. van Lent
Using data from a third-party survey on compensation practices at 151 Dutch firms, we show that less noisy or distorted performance measures and higher cash bonuses are associated with improved employee selection and better-directed effort. Specifically, (1) an... View Details
Keywords: Motivation and Incentives; Data and Data Sets; Problems and Challenges; Performance Evaluation; Compensation and Benefits; Netherlands
Bouwens, J., and L. van Lent. "Performance Measure Properties and the Effect of Incentive Contracts." Journal of Management Accounting Research 18 (2006): 55–75.
- April 1990
- Article
Performance Pay and Top Management Incentives
By: Michael C. Jensen and Kevin J. Murphy
Jensen, Michael C., and Kevin J. Murphy. "Performance Pay and Top Management Incentives." Journal of Political Economy 98, no. 2 (April 1990): 225–265. (Reprinted in Michael C. Jensen, Foundations of Organizational Strategy, Harvard University Press, 1998.)
- May 2008
- Article
Nonfinancial Performance Measures and Promotion-Based Incentives
By: Dennis Campbell
Campbell, Dennis. "Nonfinancial Performance Measures and Promotion-Based Incentives." Journal of Accounting Research 46, no. 2 (May 2008).
- December 2015
- Background Note
Incentive Systems
By: Brian J. Hall
This note serves as a supplement to any course on incentive design within organizations. The note focuses on the principal difficulties in designing incentive systems, including the tradeoff between objective and subjective performance metrics, how to design incentive... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Strategy; Compensation and Benefits; Motivation and Incentives; Performance Evaluation; Strategy
Hall, Brian J. "Incentive Systems." Harvard Business School Background Note 916-029, December 2015.
- Article
Subjective Performance Measures in Optimal Incentive Contracts
By: George P. Baker, Robert Gibbons and Kevin J. Murphy
Baker, George P., Robert Gibbons, and Kevin J. Murphy. "Subjective Performance Measures in Optimal Incentive Contracts." Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, no. 4 (November 1994).
- December 1988 (Revised November 1989)
- Case
Provigo, Inc. (A): Management Incentives for Superior Performance
Merchant, Kenneth A. "Provigo, Inc. (A): Management Incentives for Superior Performance." Harvard Business School Case 189-105, December 1988. (Revised November 1989.)
- October 2021 (Revised February 2022)
- Case
Hospital 57357: Aligning Performance Towards a Vision of a Cancer-Free Childhood
By: Susanna Gallani and Youssef Abdel Aal
The case follows the Children Cancer Hospital in Egypt, also known as Hospital 57357, as it goes through the roll-out of a new performance management system, which Dr. Sherif Abouel Naga, founder and CEO of the hospital, had championed. This was a critical juncture as... View Details
Keywords: Healthcare; Performance Management; Performance Incentives; Strategic Alignment; Health Care and Treatment; Nonprofit Organizations; Strategy; Alignment; Performance Evaluation; Mission and Purpose; Change Management; Health Industry; Egypt; Middle East
Gallani, Susanna, and Youssef Abdel Aal. "Hospital 57357: Aligning Performance Towards a Vision of a Cancer-Free Childhood." Harvard Business School Case 122-041, October 2021. (Revised February 2022.)
- May 2000
- Article
The Use of Performance Measures in Incentive Contracting
By: George P. Baker
Baker, George P. "The Use of Performance Measures in Incentive Contracting." American Economic Review 90, no. 2 (May 2000).
- Research Summary
Financial Incentives
My research examines how the performance effects of internal governance and the design of compensation vary by managerial position. For example, I document links between innovation and stock options for corporate R&D heads;... View Details
- May 2023
- Article
Incentive Effects of Subjective Allocations of Rewards and Penalties
By: Wei Cai, Susanna Gallani and Jee-Eun Shin
We examine the incentive effects of subjectivity in allocating tournament-based rewards and punishments. We use data from a company where reward and punishment decisions are based on a combination of objective metrics and subjective performance assessments. Rankings... View Details
Keywords: Subjectivity; Tournament-based Incentives; Rewards; Penalties; Expectancy Theory; Employees; Compensation and Benefits; Management; Decisions; Performance; Measurement and Metrics
Cai, Wei, Susanna Gallani, and Jee-Eun Shin. "Incentive Effects of Subjective Allocations of Rewards and Penalties." Management Science 69, no. 5 (May 2023): 3121–3139.
- February 2015
- Article
Risk, Information, and Incentives in Online Affiliate Marketing
By: Benjamin Edelman and Wesley Brandi
We examine online affiliate marketing programs in which merchants oversee thousands of affiliates they have never met. Some merchants hire outside specialists to set and enforce policies for affiliates, while other merchants ask their ordinary marketing staff to... View Details
Keywords: Affiliate Marketing; Incentives; Fraud; Advertising; Internet and the Web; Marketing Communications; Ethics; Digital Marketing
Edelman, Benjamin, and Wesley Brandi. "Risk, Information, and Incentives in Online Affiliate Marketing." Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 52, no. 1 (February 2015): 1–12. (Lead Article.)
- 2020
- Working Paper
Incentive Power and Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: Evidence from the Field
By: Wei Cai, Susanna Gallani and Jee-Eun Shin
There is consensus, both in the literature and in practice, about knowledge sharing within organizations being a key determinant of success. However, organizations struggle to sustain employees’ engagement in knowledge sharing. One challenge lies in the fact that,... View Details
Keywords: Organizational Knowledge Sharing; Employee Driven Innovation; Innovation Appropriability; Contract Design; High-powered Incentives; Low-powered Incentives; Incentives; Pay-for-Performance; Rank-and-file; Employees; Knowledge Sharing; Innovation and Invention; Motivation and Incentives; Creativity; Performance
Cai, Wei, Susanna Gallani, and Jee-Eun Shin. "Incentive Power and Knowledge Sharing Among Employees: Evidence from the Field." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-015, August 2018. (Revised April 2020.)
- January 2004 (Revised July 2006)
- Background Note
Incentives within Organizations
By: Brian J. Hall
Serves as a brief introduction to incentive design and implementation. The analysis first locates incentive strategy within the larger structure of organizations and markets and then helps to define the central components and difficulties of incentive design. Focuses... View Details
Hall, Brian J. "Incentives within Organizations." Harvard Business School Background Note 904-043, January 2004. (Revised July 2006.)
- December 2014
- Article
No Margin, No Mission? A Field Experiment on Incentives for Public Services Delivery
By: Nava Ashraf, Oriana Bandiera and B. Kelsey Jack
A substantial body of research investigates the effect of pay for performance in firms, yet less is known about the effect of non-financial rewards, especially in organizations that hire individuals to perform tasks with positive social spillovers. We conduct a field... View Details
Keywords: Incentives; Non-monetary Rewards; Intrinsic Motivation; Motivation and Incentives; Employees; Service Industry; Health Industry
Ashraf, Nava, Oriana Bandiera, and B. Kelsey Jack. "No Margin, No Mission? A Field Experiment on Incentives for Public Services Delivery." Journal of Public Economics 120 (December 2014): 1–17.