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- 2014
- Article
Expectations of Returns and Expected Returns
By: Robin Greenwood and Andrei Shleifer
We analyze time-series of investor expectations of future stock market returns from six data sources between 1963 and 2011. The six measures of expectations are highly positively correlated with each other, as well as with past stock returns and with the level of the... View Details
Greenwood, Robin, and Andrei Shleifer. "Expectations of Returns and Expected Returns." Review of Financial Studies 27, no. 3 (March 2014): 714–746. (Internet Appendix Here.)
- March 2020 (Revised February 2023)
- Case
Performance Management at Afreximbank (A)
By: Robert S. Kaplan, Siko Sikochi and Josh Steimle
Based in Cairo, Afreximbank was founded in October 1993 as a specialized continental financial institution designed to address the low level of intra-African trade, the decline in financial flows to Africa, the worsening external debt situation of many African... View Details
Keywords: Performance Management; Balanced Scorecard; Performance Expectations; Performance Evaluation; Performance Improvement; Organizational Culture; Strategy; Banking Industry; Africa; Egypt
Kaplan, Robert S., Siko Sikochi, and Josh Steimle. "Performance Management at Afreximbank (A)." Harvard Business School Case 120-029, March 2020. (Revised February 2023.)
- Article
Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach
By: Akash Chattopadhyay, Matthew R. Lyle and Charles C.Y. Wang
This study provides the first large-scale study of the performance of expected-return proxies (ERPs) internationally. Analyst-forecast-based ICCs are sparsely populated and not robustly associated with future returns. Earnings-model-forecast-based ICCs are... View Details
Keywords: Expected Returns; Discount Rates; Fundamental Valuation; Implied Cost Of Capital; International Equity Markets; Present Value; Investment Return; Equity; Markets; Global Range
Chattopadhyay, Akash, Matthew R. Lyle, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Expected Stock Returns Worldwide: A Log-Linear Present-Value Approach." Accounting Review 97, no. 2 (March 2022): 107–133.
- August 2001
- Technical Note
Technical Note on Expectations
Reviews the mathematics of expectations embedded in a company's current stock price and the related (whole) enterprise value. Begins by showing how the current stock price can be compounded forward to arrive at an expectation one or more years in the future. Describes... View Details
Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Technical Note on Expectations." Harvard Business School Technical Note 902-055, August 2001.
- Article
Rising to Rising Expectations
Keywords: Performance Expectations
Kanter, Rosabeth M. "Rising to Rising Expectations." World Link 15, no. 1 (January–February 2002): 70–74.
- May 2020
- Article
To Be or Not to Be Your Authentic Self? Catering to Others' Expectations and Interests Hinders Performance
By: Francesca Gino, Ovul Sezer and Laura Huang
When approaching interpersonal first meetings (e.g., job interviews), people often cater to the target’s interests and expectations to make a good impression and secure a positive outcome such as being offered the job (pilot study). This strategy is distinct from other... View Details
Keywords: Authenticity; Catering; Honesty; Selection; Impression Management; Interpersonal Communication; Behavior; Performance
Gino, Francesca, Ovul Sezer, and Laura Huang. "To Be or Not to Be Your Authentic Self? Catering to Others' Expectations and Interests Hinders Performance." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 158 (May 2020): 83–100.
- December 2013 (Revised September 2017)
- Case
Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance
By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
The widespread cheating scandal that rocked the Atlanta public school system in 2010 and 2011 illustrates how high-stakes performance pressure, without sufficient risk controls, can drive dangerous behavior. After becoming superintendent of the low-income and... View Details
Keywords: Atlanta; Test; Testing; Standardized Test; Standardized Testing; No Child Left Behind; NCLB; Cheating; Performance Pressure; Measurement; Incentives; Atlanta Public Schools; Management; Leadership; Ethics; Performance; Performance Evaluation; Performance Expectations; Risk Management; Education; Education Industry; United States; Georgia (state, US); Atlanta
Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Case 114-001, December 2013. (Revised September 2017.)
- December 1997 (Revised October 1999)
- Case
Citibank: Performance Evaluation
By: Robert L. Simons and Antonio Davila
Citibank has introduced a new, comprehensive performance-scorecard system. A regional president struggles with a tough decision: how to evaluate an outstanding branch manager who has scored poorly on an important customer satisfaction measure. This case provides a... View Details
Keywords: Performance Evaluation; Balanced Scorecard; Business Strategy; Customer Satisfaction; Performance Expectations; Decisions; Motivation and Incentives; Quality; Banking Industry
Simons, Robert L., and Antonio Davila. "Citibank: Performance Evaluation." Harvard Business School Case 198-048, December 1997. (Revised October 1999.)
- December 1986
- Article
Understanding the U.S. Dollar in the Eighties: The Expectations of Chartists and Fundamentalists
By: J. Frankel and K. A. Froot
Keywords: Currencies; Exchange Rates; Asset Pricing; International Macroeconomics; Monetary Policy; Currency Controls; Fixed Exchange Rates; Floating Exchange Rates; Currency Bands; Currency Zones; Currency Areas; Rational Expectations; History; Performance Expectations; Economics; United States
Frankel, J., and K. A. Froot. "Understanding the U.S. Dollar in the Eighties: The Expectations of Chartists and Fundamentalists." Special Issue Economic Record (December 1986): 24–38. (Reprinted in Exchange Rate Economics, vol. I, edited by R. MacDonald and M. Taylor, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Edward Elgar Publishing, U.K., 1992.)
- 2020
- Article
Mutual Funds: Skill and Performance
By: Jonathan B. Berk, Jules van Binsbergen and Max Miller
The authors summarize the recent literature on mutual fund manager skill and performance. They discuss the latest contributions in the field and reinterpret them through the lens of the rational expectations framework (efficient market hypothesis). They further discuss... View Details
Keywords: Investment Return; Investment Portfolio; Financial Management; Performance Evaluation; Measurement and Metrics
Berk, Jonathan B., Jules van Binsbergen, and Max Miller. "Mutual Funds: Skill and Performance." Journal of Portfolio Management 46, no. 5 (2020): 17–31.
- November 1995 (Revised October 1996)
- Background Note
Expectations and Stereotypes: How Do They Affect the Deal?
Designed to provide students with a basic insight into recognizing the productive and destructive aspects of expectations and stereotypes, and their consequent effects on negotiation. View Details
Keywords: Knowledge Acquisition; Management; Negotiation Deal; Performance Expectations; Prejudice and Bias
McGinn, Kathleen L. "Expectations and Stereotypes: How Do They Affect the Deal?" Harvard Business School Background Note 396-167, November 1995. (Revised October 1996.)
- 1978
- Chapter
The Development of Trust, Influence and Expectations
By: John J. Gabarro
Gabarro, John J. "The Development of Trust, Influence and Expectations." In Interpersonal Behavior, edited by Anthony Athos and John J. Gabarro. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1978.
- 1 Apr 1978
- Conference Presentation
Effects of Evaluation Expectation on Artistic Creativity
- 2009
- Article
Feeling the Heat: The Effects of Performance Pressure on Teams' Knowledge Use and Performance
By: Heidi K. Gardner
Why do some teams fail to use their members' knowledge effectively, even after having correctly identified each other's expertise? This paper identifies performance pressure as a critical barrier to effective knowledge utilization in teams. I theorize that performance... View Details
Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Performance Effectiveness; Performance Expectations; Groups and Teams
Gardner, Heidi K. "Feeling the Heat: The Effects of Performance Pressure on Teams' Knowledge Use and Performance." Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings (2009).
- 2022
- Working Paper
The Gender Gap in Confidence: Expected But Not Accounted For
By: Christine L. Exley and Kirby Nielsen
We investigate how the gender gap in confidence affects the views that evaluators (e.g., employers) hold about men and women. If evaluators fail to account for the confidence gap, it may cause overly pessimistic views about women. Alternatively, if evaluators expect... View Details
Keywords: Confidence; Experiments; Gender; Perception; Values and Beliefs; Performance Evaluation; Analysis
Exley, Christine L., and Kirby Nielsen. "The Gender Gap in Confidence: Expected But Not Accounted For." Working Paper, October 2022.
- 2018
- Working Paper
Do We See the Same Hierarchy? Status Disagreement in Multicultural Teams and Its Impact on Team Performance
By: Catarina Fernandes and Sujin Jang
This paper develops and tests a theory of status disagreement in multicultural teams. We posit that, in multicultural teams, the diversity of members’ cultural backgrounds will lead to implicit disagreements about who has how much status in the team. More specifically,... View Details
- May 2014
- Article
Information and Two-Sided Platform Profits
By: Andrei Hagiu and Hanna Halaburda
We study the effect of different levels of information on two-sided platform profits under monopoly and competition. One side (developers) is always informed about all prices and therefore forms responsive expectations. In contrast, we allow the other side (users) to... View Details
Keywords: Responsive Expectations; Passive Expectations; Wary Expectations; Information; Performance Expectations; Two-Sided Platforms; Monopoly
Hagiu, Andrei, and Hanna Halaburda. "Information and Two-Sided Platform Profits." International Journal of Industrial Organization 34 (May 2014): 25–35.
- December 1998
- Article
Entrepreneurs and Business Performance in Nineteenth Century France
By: Tom Nicholas, Elisa Boccaletti and James Foreman-Peck
A popular explanation for the supposed "delayed industrialisation" of the nineteenth century French economy has been the inappropriate attitudes and actions of the managerial classes and family firms. To address these claims we model the supply and demand for... View Details
Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Performance; Economy; Management; Success; Opportunities; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Saving; Higher Education; Training; Demand and Consumers; France
Nicholas, Tom, Elisa Boccaletti, and James Foreman-Peck. "Entrepreneurs and Business Performance in Nineteenth Century France." European Review of Economic History (December 1998).
- Article
A Better Way to Assess Managerial Performance
Total shareholder return (TSR) has become the definitive metric for gauging performance. Unlike accounting measures such as revenue growth or earnings per share that reflect the past, TSR is based on share price and thus captures investor expectations of what will... View Details
Keywords: Total Shareholder Return; Buybacks; Core Operating Shareholder Return; Management; Operations; Performance; Measurement and Metrics
Desai, Mihir, Mark Egan, and Scott Mayfield. "A Better Way to Assess Managerial Performance." Harvard Business Review 100, no. 2 (March–April 2022): 134–141.
- September 2002
- Case
Seattle Public Schools, 1995-2002 (B): The Performance Agenda
Describes the implementation in Seattle Public Schools, under the direction of Superintendent Joseph Olchefske, of a systemwide standards and accountability scheme, known as the Performance Agenda. The Performance Agenda set academic standards for students and defined... View Details
Keywords: Leadership; Management Practices and Processes; Social Entrepreneurship; Education; Education Industry; Seattle
Leschly, Stig. "Seattle Public Schools, 1995-2002 (B): The Performance Agenda." Harvard Business School Case 803-038, September 2002.