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  • All HBS Web  (141)
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    • All HBS Web  (141)
      • Faculty Publications  (16)

      Optimal Currency UnionsRemove Optimal Currency Unions →

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Dynamic Personalization with Multiple Customer Signals: Multi-Response State Representation in Reinforcement Learning

      By: Liangzong Ma, Ta-Wei Huang, Eva Ascarza and Ayelet Israeli
      Reinforcement learning (RL) offers potential for optimizing sequences of customer interactions by modeling the relationships between customer states, company actions, and long-term value. However, its practical implementation often faces significant challenges.... View Details
      Keywords: Dynamic Policy; Deep Reinforcement Learning; Representation Learning; Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment; Latent Variable Models; Customer Relationship Management; Customer Value and Value Chain; Foreign Direct Investment; Analytics and Data Science
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      Ma, Liangzong, Ta-Wei Huang, Eva Ascarza, and Ayelet Israeli. "Dynamic Personalization with Multiple Customer Signals: Multi-Response State Representation in Reinforcement Learning." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-037, February 2025.
      • November 2023
      • Case

      Will Fintechs and Central Banks Play in Emtech's Sandbox?

      By: Daniel Isenberg and William R. Kerr
      In February 2023, Emtech’s founder Carmelle Cadet is facing a dilemma. Rapidly running out of cash, Cadet has a term sheet from a leading VC but has a choice of how to structure the investment. The decision will have significant implications for Cadet’s own stake, as... View Details
      Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Business Startups; Venture Capital; Cash Flow; Currency; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Digital Platforms
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      Isenberg, Daniel, and William R. Kerr. "Will Fintechs and Central Banks Play in Emtech's Sandbox?" Harvard Business School Case 824-096, November 2023.
      • 2020
      • Chapter

      Reserve Accumulation, Sovereign Debt, and Exchange Rate Policy

      By: Laura Alfaro and Fabio Kanczuk
      In the past decade, foreign participation in local-currency bond markets in emerging countries increased dramatically. Additionally, emerging countries are increasingly deviating from inflation targeting regimes, managing their exchange rate and engaging in... View Details
      Keywords: Reserves; Exchange Rate; Sovereign Finance; Currency Exchange Rate; Policy
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Fabio Kanczuk. "Reserve Accumulation, Sovereign Debt, and Exchange Rate Policy." In Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities: New Practices in Managing International Foreign Exchange Reserves, edited by Jacob Bjorheim. Springer, 2020. (Book link.)
      • February 2019
      • Editorial

      Introduction To: The Euro at Twenty

      By: Laura Alfaro and Paul R. Bergin
      The article introduces a special volume on the “Euro at Twenty” as the currency was first introduced January 1, 1999. The volume includes papers by renowned leaders and thinkers: Jean-Claude Trichet, former President of the European Central Bank; Claudia Buch,... View Details
      Keywords: The Euro; Currency; Europe; European Union
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      Alfaro, Laura, and Paul R. Bergin. "Introduction To: The Euro at Twenty." Review of World Economics 155, no. 1 (February 2019).
      • March 2018
      • Case

      EKOL Logistics: Thinking Outside the Box

      By: Willy C. Shih and Esel Çekin
      This case describes Ekol, an intermodal transportation and logistics company, and how it manages capacity planning. Its busiest routes linked motor vehicle assemblers in Germany and Turkey with many of their parts suppliers, but it had also developed key links in... View Details
      Keywords: Growth And Development; Strategy; Intermodal Transportation; Short-sea Transportation; Capacity Management; Capacity Planning; Delivery Planning; Route Optimization; Car Spare Part; Auto Manufacturing; Automotive Supply Chain; Europe; Turkey; Service Design; Fast Fashion; Near-shoring; Supply Chain; Supply Chain Management; Operations; Performance Capacity; Performance Efficiency; Logistics; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Turkey; Germany; Spain; European Union; Europe
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      Shih, Willy C., and Esel Çekin. "EKOL Logistics: Thinking Outside the Box." Harvard Business School Case 618-037, March 2018.
      • Article

      The Price Impact of Joining a Currency Union: Evidence from Latvia

      By: Alberto Cavallo, Brent Neiman and Roberto Rigobon
      Does membership in a currency union matter for a country’s international relative prices? The answer to this question is critical for thinking about the implications of joining (or exiting) a common currency area. This paper is the first to use high-frequency... View Details
      Keywords: Currency Union; Exchange Rate; Law Of One Price; Currency Exchange Rate; Price; Latvia
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      Cavallo, Alberto, Brent Neiman, and Roberto Rigobon. "The Price Impact of Joining a Currency Union: Evidence from Latvia." IMF Economic Review 63, no. 2 (September 2015): 281–297.
      • March 2015 (Revised March 2023)
      • Case

      Immigration Policy in Germany (A)

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Katrina Flanagan and Alastair Su
      Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel faced economic and moral pressure to encourage greater immigration from struggling European, and especially Eurozone, countries after the economic downturn that began in 2008. In fact, it was possible that both the Euro currency union... View Details
      Keywords: Citizenship; Optimal Currency Unions; Globalized Economies and Regions; Immigration; Policy; Germany; European Union
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Katrina Flanagan, and Alastair Su. "Immigration Policy in Germany (A)." Harvard Business School Case 715-029, March 2015. (Revised March 2023.)
      • Article

      Analyzing Scrip Systems

      By: Kris Johnson, David Simchi-Levi and Peng Sun
      Scrip systems provide a nonmonetary trade economy for exchange of resources. We model a scrip system as a stochastic game and study system design issues on selection rules to match potential trade partners over time. We show the optimality of one particular rule in... View Details
      Keywords: "Repeated Games"; Stochastic Trust Game; Dynamic Program; P2P Lending; Scrip Systems; Artificial Currency; Non-monetary Trade Economies; Marketplace Matching; Currency; Operations; Game Theory
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      Johnson, Kris, David Simchi-Levi, and Peng Sun. "Analyzing Scrip Systems." Operations Research 62, no. 3 (May–June 2014): 524–534.
      • Article

      Currency Unions, Product Introductions, and the Real Exchange Rate

      By: Alberto Cavallo, Brent Neiman and Roberto Rigobon
      We use a novel dataset of online prices of identical goods sold by four large global retailers in dozens of countries to study good-level real exchange rates and their aggregated behavior. First, in contrast to the prior literature, we demonstrate that the law of one... View Details
      Keywords: Currency Union; Law Of One Price; International Prices; Global Firm; Currency Exchange Rate; Price; International Finance
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      Cavallo, Alberto, Brent Neiman, and Roberto Rigobon. "Currency Unions, Product Introductions, and the Real Exchange Rate." Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 2 (May 2014): 529–595.
      • April 2013
      • Case

      Europe: An Ever Closer Union?

      By: Gunnar Trumbull, Jonathan Schlefer and Diane Choi
      In 2010, the European Union faces the challenges of the global financial crisis. With 27 member states, each facing different challenges, can new EU institutions respond effectively? Will its new currency, the euro, survive? View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Money; Trade; Currency; Policy; Government and Politics; European Union
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      Trumbull, Gunnar, Jonathan Schlefer, and Diane Choi. "Europe: An Ever Closer Union?" Harvard Business School Case 713-085, April 2013.
      • September 2012 (Revised July 2013)
      • Case

      Can the Eurozone Survive?

      By: Dante Roscini and Jonathan Schlefer
      The sovereign debt crisis that took Greece by storm in 2010 began to spread to other European markets. Within a few months Ireland and Portugal had also lost access to the sovereign debt markets and had to rely on supranational loans for their financing. The risk of... View Details
      Keywords: Sovereign Debt Crisis; Currency Areas; Financial Crisis; Borrowing and Debt; Currency Exchange Rate; International Relations; Banking Industry; European Union; Germany; France; Italy; Spain; Greece; Portugal
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      Roscini, Dante, and Jonathan Schlefer. "Can the Eurozone Survive?" Harvard Business School Case 713-034, September 2012. (Revised July 2013.)
      • May 1999 (Revised December 2003)
      • Case

      European Monetary Union

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Sabina M. Ciminero
      On January 1, 1999, 11 European countries unified their currencies--48 years after their first integrative efforts. This marks a huge development in the structure of Europe and the world's economy. This case examines the integrative process, the Single Europe Act and... View Details
      Keywords: Money; Currency; Globalized Economies and Regions; Markets; International Relations; Alliances; System; Integration; Macroeconomics; Business and Government Relations; European Union
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., and Sabina M. Ciminero. "European Monetary Union." Harvard Business School Case 799-131, May 1999. (Revised December 2003.)
      • April 1998
      • Teaching Note

      Schroder Ventures: Launch of the Euro Fund TN

      By: Josh Lerner
      Keywords: Currency; European Union
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      Lerner, Josh. "Schroder Ventures: Launch of the Euro Fund TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 298-137, April 1998.
      • 1996
      • Working Paper

      The Determinants of Optimal Currency Hedging

      By: Kenneth Froot and André Perold
      Keywords: Hedging; Transaction Costs; Exchange Rates; International Markets; International Finance; Currency; Asset Pricing
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      Froot, Kenneth, and André Perold. "The Determinants of Optimal Currency Hedging." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 97-011, October 1996.
      • 1992
      • Other Unpublished Work

      Government Consumption and the Real Exchange Rate: The Empirical Evidence

      By: K. A. Froot and K. Rogoff
      Keywords: Public Sector; Currencies; Exchange Rates; Currency Union; Eurozone; The Euro; Currency Exchange Rate
      Citation
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      Froot, K. A., and K. Rogoff. "Government Consumption and the Real Exchange Rate: The Empirical Evidence." Harvard University, January 1992.
      • April 1980 (Revised September 1985)
      • Background Note

      The Disposable Diaper Industry in 1974

      By: Michael E. Porter
      Describes the rapidly growing disposable diaper industry in 1974, a period in which Procter and Gamble's industry leadership faced strong challenges from Kimberly Clark, Johnson and Johnson, and Union Carbide. The latter two firms were in the process of entry into the... View Details
      Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Competition; Consumer Products Industry
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      Porter, Michael E. "The Disposable Diaper Industry in 1974." Harvard Business School Background Note 380-175, April 1980. (Revised September 1985.)
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